Examination ThreePersonality Assessment 1) Name three informal methods that ordinary people often use to assess personality. Which one seems to be most popular? (4 points)1) Ask people to describe their own personalities2) Collect “secondhand” personality information3) Observe people and draw our own conclusions about their personalitiesObserving people and drawing our own conclusions seem to be most popular.2) When people describe themselves, they often focus on their positive qualities and ignore their negative ones. What is this behavior called, and what motive causes it to occur? When people tryto deceive us in this way, we are unlikely to catch them at it. Why? (4 points)This behavior is called impression management.The motive is social desirability.We pay too much attention to trivial cues and ignore the cues that really matter.3) What is the “transparency effect?” Is it consistent or inconsistent with the fact that our efforts to deceive others are usually successful? (2 points)4) According to Kelley, causal attributions for the behavior of others are based on three kinds of information. Name them. Select one of them and describe it briefly. (4 points)Consensus – other people in the same situation either behave similarly (high consensus) or behave differently (low consensus)DistinctivenessConsistency5) People sometimes make misattributions. Which one occurs most often? Describe it briefly. Name another type of misattribution that many people make. (3 points)The fundamental attribution error occurs most often because people make too many internal attributions instead of external attributions.Another misattribution is the defensive attribution.6) Reliability can be assessed in three ways. Name them, then describe one of them briefly. In general, how large should the reliability coefficient be for a good test?(5 points)Reliability can be assessed through stability over time, internal consistency, and inter-rater agreement.Stability over time means that there is a consistency of results over a period of time through retesting.Reliability coefficients above 0.80 are acceptable as a good test.7) Personality tests can have face, content, criterion, and construct validity. One way to ensure that a test has criterion validity is to use criterion keying during test construction. Describe criterion keying. Name a famous personality test that was constructed in this way. (4 points)Criterion keying is when two groups of people, one high and the other low on the key construct, are compared.The two groups of people are asked to respond to a large number of potential test items.The items that discriminate between two groups are kept.Rorschach Inkblot Test is a famous personality test that was constructed in this way.8) Construct validity is the best kind to have, but the hardest to prove. What is construct validity?Proof of construct validity can be obtained through convergent and discriminant validation research. For each type of research, describe (a) what data are needed, and (b) what pattern of results is desired. (5 points)Construct validity means does the test measure what it should be measuring and nothing else?Convergent validation needs data from your test and other tests that measure the same thing as yours. They should be positively correlated among test scores. Divergent validation needs data from your test and other tests that measure things different than yours measures. There should be correlations near zero among test scores.9) Some psychoanalytic psychologists try to assess personality by analyzing a person’s dreams. One barrier to such analyses is dreamwork. What is dreamwork? Why does it occur? Name two other barriers to dream analysis. (4 points)Dreamwork is what the ego does to disguise the latent content of dreams into a manifest content that is less disturbing.It occurs to guard sleep.Repress/forget dreams and secondary elaboration.10) Dreams are associated with REM sleep. What is REM sleep? What percentage of people are dreamers, according to sleep researchers? (2 points)REM sleep stands for rapid eye movement and it is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid and random movement of the eyes.100% of people are dreamers.11) When people take the Rorschach Inkblot test, how many times do they look through the cards, and what question(s) are they asked each time? Aside from the content of a person’s responses, name three other elements that a psychologist might consider while scoring the test. (5points)People look through the cards twice and they are asked:First, What do you see?Second, where are those objects and how did you find them?Location, determinants, and originality.12) When someone begins to reveal sensitive thoughts and feelings to another person, the listener’s reactions to those revelations are very important. List those reactions in order, starting with the one most likely to encourage further self-disclosure, and ending with the one most likelyto discourage further self-disclosure. (6 points)ReflectionReassuranceProbingInterpretationEvaluation13) Describe briefly the Q-sort test. What materials are used in the test? How is the test administered and scored? How are test scores computed and interpreted? (6 points)People are asked to read through 100 cards, each containing a self-descriptive statement. Each card is placed into one of eleven stacks, with limits on how many cards can go into each stack. . Cards are sorted first for how well they describe the real self, and then again for how well they describe the ideal self. Each card thus has two scores, one is the real self and the other for the ideal self sort. The two sets of scores are correlated with one another; more positive correlations mean greater levels of congruence.14) Response sets can produce invalid scores on personality tests. Name and describe a common response set. What three tactics have dispositional psychologists developed for coping with the problem of response sets? (5 points)Social desirability is answering questions in a way that would make yourself look better than youactually are.Measure the impact of response sets, and then adjust test scores accordingly.Makes response sets irrelevant by disguising a test’s true purpose.Study response sets as interesting dispositions in their own right.15) The MMPI contains several clinical scales, but just four validity scales. Name those scales, then select one of them and explain (a) how it works and (b) which response