Personality Psychology Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture Reinforce Partial reinforcement Continuous reinforcement  Interval vs ratioPunishment Skinner BoxSkinner Baby Tender BoxFree Will: SkinnerShaping/Successive ApproximationsGrowth and Development: SkinnerSystematic Desensitization  Counterconditioning  Fear hierarchy Causes of Behavioral disordersBehavioral Assessment What to identify ABC assessmentABA Research DesignBehaviorism evaluationOutline of Current Lecture Trait TheoryTrait Theorists Gordon Allporto Cardinal traitso Central traitso Secondary traits  Raymond Cattello Factor analysis Current LectureTrait theory- Traito Neuropsychic structures o Initiate and guide consistent forms of adaptive and expressive behavioro Common or personalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Can be studied nomothetically (fixed/standardized) or ideographically (flexible)o The same trait can be found in every person but at different strengths o Importance of the situation—different one expressed in various situations, explains variability - State- Activities- Role Trait Theorists- Gordon Allport—started this field of trait theoryo Humanistic view—person in state of “becoming”o Emphasis on individuals unique behavior and thoughtso Preferred to study trait ideographically (flexible)o Concept of the “self”—what is particularly ours o Functional autonomy—although motives of an adult may have their roots in the tension-reducing motives of the child, the adult grows out of early motives Adult life motives become independent of/autonomous from earlier tension-reducing driveso Early development—peripheral motives and seek tension reductiono Adult life—shift towards self-strivingso Valued contributes to personality and trait theory, but lack of explanation for traitso Research concerns No clear trait/situation link No support for claim of hereditary influence Over-reliance on idiographic methodsCardinal Traits- Pervasive and dominant—seek expression/override other traitso Master motiveso Ruling passions Central Traits- Important but control less of ones behavior- Typical descriptions—what one says when you ask someone to describe themselvesSecondary Traits—less important or conspicuous - Raymond Cattello Factor analysis methodo Surface traits—behavioral tendencies, obvious traits Innumerable amount of surface traitso Source traits—internal psychological structures that are the underlying cause of intercorrelations of surface traits A few source traits can create what seem to be many different surface traits 3 categories:- Ability traits—skills that allow the individual to function effectively- Temperament traits—involved in emotional life- Dynamic traits—involved in motivational lifeo Factor analysis of surface traits can reveal their underlying source traitsFactor Analysis- Statistical tool for summarizing the ways in which a large number of variables are correlated- Premier tool used by trait theorists to identify the structures of personality- Correlation (r)—relationship between 2 variables as one variable increases o Correlation does NOT mean cause and effect- Step 1: collect surface trait ratings from many people- Step 2: calculate correlations among those ratings- Step 3: extract factors from the correlation matrix- Step 4: calculate factor loadings- Step 5: review the loadings and name the factors- Reduces the multiple reflections of personality to a smaller set of traits- Provides a basis for arguing that some traits matter more than others- Helps in developing assessment