Personality Psychology Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture Factor analysis- Step 1-5Cattell: 3 categories of source traits- Ability traits- Temperament traits- Dynamic traits16-PF TestHans Eysenck - Secondary factor analysis- 3 factor modelSuper factors- Extraversion- Neuroticism- Psychoticism - MeasurementPsychopathologyOutline of Current Lecture 5 Factor ModelCross cultural research NEO-PI-R testCosta and McCreaGrowth and Development6 factor modelEvaluation Current LectureFive Factor Model/Big 5 Based on research evidence Emphasized influence of biology  Focused on individual differenceso How do people differ from each othero Is there a basic set of human individual differences/Is there a set of traits that can describe everyone Costa and McCreao *Said big 5 structure is biologically based and that the structure is a human universalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Factor analyses of 3 types of datao Trait terms in natural language (don’t use hard words to name traits)o Cross-cultural research Traits are cultural universals Emphasized biological nature of the 5 factors—they are essential to survival so thus find the traits universallyo Relation of trait questionnaires to other questionnaires/assessment tools that look at traits and from other theory bases 5 factors:o Continuum, can be high low or somewhere in between 5 factorso These are enough to adequately describe someone’s personality o Openness to experience—what experiential life is like Vs closed to new experienceo Conscientiousness—goal directed behavior, how well someone can deal with requirements of society, impulse control Vs lack of directiono Extraversion Vs introversion o Agreeableness Vs antagonistic o Neuroticism  Vs emotional stability Cross-cultural research  See if big 5 are universal Methodical problem: translationo Different languages have different words for things or even words that translate may notmean the same thing DiBlas and Forzi 1999—investigated presence of big 5 in Italian languageo Only 3 were replicated (E, A, C)o Neuroticism not replicated and not even found in Italian culture—might be cultural difference in perception of moods and anxiety DeRaad and Peabody 2005—tested for big 5 in 11 different languageso Found E, A, C cross-lingually recurrento Think that some personality traits/factors are unique to particular cultures NEO (neuroticism extraversion openness) Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) Measures 5 factors and 6 facets (aspects correlate together and combine to make up overall factor)o Table 8.2 in book shows facets that make up the overall factor Good reliability and validity Agrees with other Big 5 instruments—scores from neoPI correlate highly with scores on other measures investigating big 5 Correlates with Eysenck’s inventories and Cattell’s 16 factorsIntegration of Theories Eysenck’s E and N virtually identical to E and N dimensions of the Big 5o Same in way theyre described and measurement of factorso Eysenck did secondary factor analysis too to make sure the two factors are statistically independent  Eysenck’s P (psychoticism) corresponds to combination of low C + low A (agreeableness) NEO-PI-R relates meaningfully with Q-Sort testo Things people use to describe themselves in Q-sort (cards with descriptors to say like meor not like me) also relate to this testCosta and McCrea: Big 5 more than descriptors Each factor is a universal structure Everyone has each psychological structure (trait) in varying amounts—part of who we are Psychological structures (traits) causally influence psychological development Strongly state that 5 traits/factors are NOT influenced by the environment; strongest nature position possible Factors have a biological basis Differences linked to big 5 determined by genetic influences on neural structure and brain chemistry Problematic issues:o How to link personality structures to personality processes Mechanisms for interaction between biology and personality aren’t specified, don’t provide strong foundation for proving/validating/explaining why biology has such an effect o Claim that traits are not affected by social factors How can environment not influence  Some research contradicts this and shows that factors are influenced by environment Extraversion increased recently more so than earlier times due to social changes in society o 5 factor theory claims everyone has all 5 factorsGrowth and Development: longitudinal research Study same group of people at different periods of time Evidence of stability over long time periods  Significant correlations among repeated measures Change evident despite stability Greater stability in adulthood than in childhood—personality not set until people go through cognitive/physical/experiential changes in adulthood See changes in big 5 traits from younger adults to older adultso Become less open when get oldero More conscientious when get oldero Less extraverted when oldero More agreeable when oldero Less neurotic when older What accounts for differences across lifespan—is it experience or cohort effect (group of people the same age as you go through life the same way, how something affects one age group is different than how it affects another)o Isn’t necessarily just age—not an independent variable  Is there personality change6 Factor Model Big 5 model was consensus since 1980s Honesty/Humility—6th factor Individual differences in the tendency to be truthful and sincere vs cunning and disloyal are a reliable 6th factor Validated across 7 languages Not yet incorporated into theory or researchEvaluation: Trait Theory  Database—excellent, good at gathering data Systematico Cattell=yeso Eysenck—kind ofo Costa and McCrea=not really Testable=very goodo Statistical foundation Comprehensive=yes and no Applicationso Yes=assessment and predictionso Not strong=clinical