Personality Psychology Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture BehaviorismDeterminismSituational Specificity  Environment=cause of behaviorBehaviorism’s science of personalitySimple systems Pavlov and Classical Conditioning Association learning StimulusResponse Reflexive processes Generalization Discrimination Extinction Experimental neuroses John Watson Little Albert Conditioned fearJones: Unconditioning fear Extinction Direct conditioningEric Kandel Alypsia slugBF Skinner: Theory of Operant Conditioning Outline of Current Lecture Reinforce Partial reinforcement Continuous reinforcement  Interval vs ratioPunishment Skinner BoxSkinner Baby Tender BoxFree Will: SkinnerShaping/Successive ApproximationsGrowth and Development: SkinnerSystematic Desensitization  Counterconditioning These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Fear hierarchy Causes of Behavioral disordersBehavioral Assessment What to identify ABC assessmentABA Research DesignBehaviorism evaluationCurrent LectureReinforce—something that follows a response/behavior and increases the probability that the response will occur again in the future *increase in behavior, strengthens response/behavior Happen after behavior, after response and cause increase in behavior being repeated What counts as a reinforce in any situation is defined by the effects of the potential reinforcer onbehavior  Positive reinforcement: give something someone wants to increase behavior Negative reinforcement: take away something they don’t want to increase a behavioro Sound that car makes when put seatbelt on Punishment—reduce the likelihood of behavior occurring again  *decrease in behavior Less effective than reinforcement because people figure out how to avoid punishment without changing behavior, if punishment severe then cause aggressiveness Positive punishment: add something person doesn’t want to decrease behavior Negative punishment: take something away person does want to decrease behavioro Time out, take away something child does want (stay at party with friends) to decrease bad behavior Operant Conditioning: Skinner Punishment and reinforcement happen AFTER behavior, influence whether behavior happens again Behavior can be emitted as well as elicited Both reinforcements and punishments influence learning Continuous Reinforcement—whatever behavior you want to condition, you reinforce every timethat the behavior you want occurs o Most effective way to condition a behavioro Problem: eventually whatever the reinforce is loses its power (has enough chocolate/whatever the reward is) Partial Reinforcement—behaviors reinforced sometimes but not at otherso Interval—time, different time frames of reinforcemento Ratio—being reinforced after certain number of times behavior exhibitedo Fixed interval—after fixed amount of time reinforcement given High amount of responding before time frame, after reinforcement provided response slows until time reinforcement is expected to be delivered is closero Fixed ratio—reinforcement after fixed number times behavior shown/responses Results in fast and regular response rateo Variable ratio—sometimes reinforcement comes after variable number of responses (reinforcement given every 2 times behavior is shown, or 6 times, changing) High, regular response rate Most difficult to extinguish because person doesn’t know how many times they have to respond/emit behavior before they get reinforced—makes response ratevery strong and regularo Variable interval—after variable amount of time reinforcement provided Steady response rateo *these all will result in different types of behavior  Learning may also depend on the ways in which rewards and punishments are delivered Pleasurable AversiveGive Positive reinforcement Positive punishment Take Away Negative punishment Negative reinforcement Skinner Box Electric floor for positive punishment, light at the top Put pigeons and lab rats in there Skinner Baby Tender Box Contained environment that can be controlled to raise child in for 2 years Allowed freedom of movement, climate controlled Marketed to parents but wasn’t successful  He used this on his own daughterFree Will: Skinner If environment is cause of our action then we ourselves can’t be cause of our behavior If we ourselves are NOT the cause of our behavior, then we don’t have freedom to actFREE WILL IS AN ILLUSION No internal cause for behavior, all comes from environment and there is no free willo Thoughts and feelings are also behaviors that come from environment Shaping/Successive Approximations Gradual step by step process Person reinforces increasingly complex behaviors that approximate to a greater and greater degree until the final behavior is desired Ex. Get pigeon in turn its head certain ways or peck a certain number of times by reinforcing every step of the turn of its head (until they finally turn around) or number of pecks until get what you want them to do  Through shaping—almost any behavior can eventually be learnedGrowth and Development: Skinner  As children develop they learn more and more responses as a result of naturally occurring reinforcements Process no different than shaping in lab animalsCauses of Behavioral disorders/psychopathology Reason person has these symptoms is that they never learned to behave properly (have improper response)o Conditioned improperly or cant control behavior—reflection of inability to learn Treatment—focus on learning correct behaviorsSystematic Desensitization  Primary intervention when dealing with fears Technique=Counterconditioning Train patient to do progressive muscle relaxation—takes practiceo Train person to feel difference between tension and relaxation Construct fear hierarchyo What is the least-most scary thingo Ex. Scared of a dog: cartoon dog (least), then show picture of dog, then work up to actual dogo Pair feeling relaxed with the thing lowest on fear hierarchy using practiced progressive muscle relaxation—extinguishes fear/anxiety response to stimulus, then work up gradient to things more feared Relaxation + fear producing stimuli using hierarchyBehavioral Assessment Try to see whats causing particular