PSY 0160 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture Evaluation of Rogers Database Systematic Testable Comprehensive ApplicationsAbraham Maslow Self-actualization Peak experiences Hierarchy of needsExistentialism  Uniqueness of individual Human conditionViktor Frankl Will to find meaning Freedom and responsibility LogotherapyPositive psychology  Seligman and Petersen Csikszentmihalyi and FlowOutline of Current Lecture BehaviorismDeterminismSituational Specificity  Environment=cause of behaviorBehaviorism’s science of personalitySimple systems Pavlov and Classical Conditioning Association learning StimulusResponse Reflexive processes Generalization Discrimination Extinction Experimental neuroses These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.John Watson Little Albert Conditioned fearJones: Unconditioning fear Extinction Direct conditioningEric Kandel Alypsia slugBF Skinner: Theory of Operant Conditioning Current LectureBehaviorism—people viewed as machine-like mechanisms Explore how mechanisms/people learn—how change in reaction to the environment Behavior is observable and measurable and thus able to be studied scientifically  Behavior must be explained in terms of causal influence of the environment Insistence on controlled laboratory research—any research results/theories come from behaviorists are done in laboratory research  Physical lawso Universe governed by laws of physics, people live in universe thus:o People are physical objectso People can thus be understood through scientific analysis Thoughts and feelings—seen as behaviors caused by the environment, exist Strict behaviorists think they can get rid of personality psychology because its unnecessary Behaviorists think you cant observe/measure the unconscious which makes it irrelevant, cant investigate feelings and thoughts because you can observe them Behaviorists dismissive of trait theory because it looks at describing and doesn’t look to understand cause, believe other theories aren’t scientificDeterminism—an event (anything that happens) is cause/determined by some prior event Events surrounding other events Cause=something able to be understood according to basic laws of science (Freud thought our behavior was due to unconscious) In opposition to belief in “free will”o (Rogers believes in choices)o Skinner and Watson believed they could make infant do whatever they wanted them to do, if you can control the environment then you can make person/mechanism do what you want Situational Specificity Environment=cause of behavior Behavior expected to vary significantly in different environments Abnormal behavior results from maladapted environments, get symptoms (poor behaviors)o Maladapted behavior is due to bad learning (which is a result of the environment)Behaviorism’s science of personality Focus on observable behaviors Manipulate environmental variables and see how it affects the mechanism (organism) Studies done in carefully controlled laboratory settingsPersonality is shaped by the environment Cant see it/measure it, then not scientific and isn’t relevantSimple Systems Initial laboratory studies done on simple systems (pigeons, rats)o Simple systems=rats, pigeons Enough similarity to provide valuable information, enough similarity between simple systems/rats and people to get data Generalizable—can take results from their laboratory studies with rats and apply it to people Complexity poses challengeso Cant really study humans in this controlled laboratory setting though because its unethical, how to do this? Practical and ethical issuesPavlov and Classical Conditioning (1849-1936) Trying to understand what role salivary reflex plays in digestion in dogs (not psychologist) Put dog on leash, give food to dog to salivate and then study digestiono Noticed dogs salivated before food was put in front of them, began experiment Association learning—presentation of stimulus which elicited a response which organism does StimulusResponse Reflexive processes o Salivation, pupil dilation/constriction Generalization—consistency of responseo Classically conditioned response is generalizedo Associate a conditioned stimulus with other ones similar to it (similar sounds) Discrimination—specificity of conditioned stimuluso If experimenter uses middle C note, able to discriminate between other noteso Conditioned response ONLY happens to specific stimulus  Extinction—conditioned stimulus no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus Experimental neuroseso Dogs exhibit conditioned response only in response to their specific stimuli, dogs asked to finely discriminate between soundso The more similar the stimuli they were asked to discriminate between, the more likely they would have behavioral anxiety/neuroses Before Conditioning Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response)—salivation happens automatically, food just plainly offered Tone/bell (Neutral Stimulus) does not produce salivation During Conditioning Sound the bell (Neutral Stimulus) THEN present the food within a second so that the dog salivates (Unconditioned Response) over and over After Conditioning Sound the bell (Conditioned Stimulus) THEN the dog immediately starts salivation (Conditioned Response) *bell and salivation switch from being unconditioned/neutral, natural reactions, so that they become CONDITIONED stimulus and responseJohn Watson Founder of behaviorism Worked from Pavlov’s foundational work Little Albert, 20so Attempt to see if fear could be conditioned into a child, IT COULDo Made a loud scary sound (Unconditioned Stimulus) which makes baby cry (Unconditioned Response) o Then showed Albert a white rat (Neutral Stimulus)o Then presented white rat (Conditioned Stimulus)and then gave a loud soundthen Albert crying at sight of white rat and scared (Conditioned Response)o Albert is scared when he sees anything furry now especially if its white Scandal, moved from advertising from psychology, unethical Watson: Conditioned Fear NS=white rat US=loud noise UR=fear of loud noise CR=fear of white rat CS=white rat Generalized to white/furry