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Pitt PSY 0160 - Self regulation
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Self-Regulation – we are proactive (affect things that may or may not happen in the future), ability to regulate ourselves emotionally, behaviorally, cognitivelyCapacity to motivate ourselves (using thoughts about ourselves to influence our motivation)Set goalsPlan strategiesEvaluate & modify behaviorBandura & Cervone, 1983 (from textbook)Studied whether or not feedback/goals have an effect on how much effort people put into somethingHaving goals with feedback is important in determining how much effort someone puts into something (impact motivation)Mischel’s Paradigm: The Marshmallow TestSchemas - describes an organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.Self-schemas – knowledge structureValidated by reaction time measuresMotivesSelf-enhancement motive – biased toward positive views of the self (overestimate our own attributes; enhance our own self-image compared to people who aren’t doing so well)Self-verification motive – motivated to experience self as consistent & predictable (can be positive or negative; if we believe we are bad at something we prefer to have it validated)Goals are Central to MotivationLearning goals – learn something for the sake of learning it; think about the task and all you can learn from itPerformance goals – aim to…Show people how smart you areAvoid embarrassment when you don’t know somethingMake a good impressionHiggins (1987, 1996)Ideal (how we would like to behave, think, feel) & ought (how we should behave, think, feel) standardsActual & ideal self-discrepancies  sadnessIf we are not how we wish we could be = sadnessActual & ought self-discrepancies  anxietyIf we are not doing what we should be doing = anxietySelf-Efficacy & AnxietyPerceptions of low self-efficacy  experience high levels of anxietyNot the threatening event per se, but the perceived inefficacy in coping with it that is so fundamental to anxietyPerceived Inefficacy & Depression:Those prone to depressionImpose excessively high goals & standardsBlame themselves for falling short of these goalsLow self-efficacy may contribute to diminished performance  falling even further below standards (+additional self-blame)Beliefs that goals are beyond one’s capabilities because they are unrealistic  abandoning the goal & maybe apathy, but not to depressionDepression occurs when a person feels inefficacious in relation to a goal but believes the goal to be reasonableStress – when one views circumstances as taxing or exceeding resources & endangering well-being (our reaction to stressors = stress)Lazarus & FolkmanPrimary appraisal: “is something at stake/is there a threat or danger?”Secondary appraisal: “What, if anything, can be done?”Problem-focused coping: attempts to cope by altering features of a stressful situation (ex: financial problems  get part-time job)Emotion-focused coping: attempts to improve internal emotional state (ex: someone you care about gets a medical diagnosis  researching the diagnosis can distract you)Some coping methods influenced by personality factors… many strongly influenced by situational contextGreater level of stress & efforts to cope  poorer the physical health, greater the likelihood of psychological symptomsGreater sense of mastery  better physical & psychological healthPlanful problem solving more adaptive than escape avoidance or confrontative copingStress Inoculation (Meichenbaum, 1995)Relaxation trainingCognitive restructuring strategies (help people be more aware of the thoughts that automatically come to mind/catch themselves and step back to look at something rationally)Problem-solving strategies (teach a person how to use effective problem-solving strategies; defining the problem, developing solutions, pros and cons, etc.)Rational Emotive Therapy - RET (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1997)“People do not respond emotionally to events in the world, but to their beliefs about those events.” – we cause our own stress because of what we believe as opposed to the truth“ABC” of Rational-Emotive TherapyAn Activating (A) event may lead to a Consequence (C) such as an emotional reaction - we create beliefs between A and C (ex: A = asking someone out, C = consequence, B = belief… You ask someone out, you get rejected, your belief is that you are no good or don’t deserve love)Our B’s about A largely determine our response to itThe beliefs that cause psychological distress are irrationalPersonality Psychology Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture Constructs- Similarity pole- Construct polePerson as scientistTypes of constructs- Verbal- Preverbal- Submerged- Core- PeripheralConstruct system hierarchyRange of convenienceFocus of convenienceREP TestCognitive ComplexityBieriLinvilleAnxietyFearThreat Growth and DevelopmentPsychotherapyFixed Role TherapyEvaluation Outline of Current Lecture Self regulation- Schemas Motives - Self enhancement motive- Self verification motive - Higgins Self efficacy and Anxiety - Stress- Stress inoculation- RET, rational emotive therapy- ABC These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureSelf-Regulation – we are proactive (affect things that may or may not happen in the future), ability to regulate ourselves emotionally, behaviorally, cognitivelyo Capacity to motivate ourselves (using thoughts about ourselves to influence our motivation)o Set goalso Plan strategieso Evaluate & modify behavioro Bandura & Cervone, 1983 (from textbook) Studied whether or not feedback/goals have an effect on how much effort people put into something Having goals with feedback is important in determining how much effort someone puts into something (impact motivation)o Mischel’s Paradigm: The Marshmallow Test- Schemas - describes an organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories ofinformation and the relationships among them.o Self-schemas – knowledge structure  Validated by reaction time measures- Motiveso Self-enhancement motive – biased toward positive views of the self (overestimate our own attributes; enhance our own self-image compared to people who aren’t doing so well)o Self-verification motive – motivated to experience self as consistent & predictable (can be positive or negative; if we believe we are bad at something we prefer to have it validated)- Goals


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