Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture:Steps of Research Define Measure/assess Predict ApplyL.O.T.S data Life record data Observer data Test data Self-report data Biological dataSources of data Nomothetic IdiographicAssessment toolsTargets: areas of interest of assessment Average behavior Variability in behavior Conscious and unconscious thoughtImportant aspects of measurement Validity Reliability Response sets: non-content responding AcquiescenceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Extreme responding Social desirability Forced choice formatResearch design Case study Correlational ExperimentalPersonality assessment in Clinical practiceMMPI-2Outline of Current Lecture Sigmund Freud View of humans Focus on sexual and aggressive urges Structure of the mind Psychosexual stagesFreud theory influence: Brucke Favor biology instead of “vitalism”Instincts/Drives Life instinct=libido Death instinct=thanatosInfluences on Freud: Charcot Salpetriere Women’s Asylum Hypnosis Suggestibility Unconscious mind Free associationMind as Energy System Energy in mind can be blocked from expression Homeostatic goalInfluences on Freud: Breuer Free association under hypnosis Catharsis Anna OFreud history Psychoanalysis 1900: Interpretation of dreams 1901: Psychopathology of Everyday lifeIceberg model of mind Freudian slipsExploring the Unconscious Free association Dream analysis Transference Current Lecture:Sigmund Freud, 1865-1939 Father of modern psychology Wanted to be a researcher but couldn’t because of restriction on Jews so he went into medicine instead to earn a living Developed Psychoanalytic theory—very first personality theoryo Being first to do psychotherapy/psychoanalysis o Revolutionary at the time it was developed in Victoria era because subject matter he talked about was shocking, controversial Born in Maravia (part of Czech), lived in Austria View of humanso Before Freud: humans good and were corrupted by societyo Freud: as infants born with sexual/aggressive urges and its societies job to curve the urges, sexual and aggressive urges are inborn part of human nature and humans from inside are automatically driven to seek pleasurable gratification Focus on sexual and aggressive urges—event in young children/infants Structure of the mind—conceptual way to understand how mind works based on 3 major structure: id, ego, superegoo How people develop personalities in unhealthy vs healthy way, highly dependent on howtheir mind functions and how structures interact with each other Psychosexual stages—how people develop, develop psychological symptoms or not, everyone goes through series of psychosexual stageso Emphasizes importance of early experience in shaping personalityo Personalities don’t change much after adolescence without a lot of workFreud theory Influences: Brucke Colleague after Freud finished degree, was his professor in school Favored biology instead of “vitalism”—life arose from soul, soul/spirit animated bodyo Brucke thought biology was responsible for bringing life into the organism/bodyo Rejecting vitalism (view at the time)o Freuds theory has a lot to do with biology Freud: states of excitation in body (instincts or drives) are source of psychic/mental energyo *links mind to body—contemporary view of human body at the time didn’t agree, this is new conceptInstincts/Drives Born with them, instinctual Seek expression so that get tension reduction Life instinct: libidoo Have instinct of preservation, reproduction of organismo Sexual drive part of it, is overall life instinct Death instinct: thanatoso Reflects thinking of time (Victorian era)o The aim of the organism is also to die/return to inorganic state Life and death instinct coexist, but libido should be stronger than thanatos instinctInfluences on Freud: Charcot Worked with him in France at Salpetriere Women’s Asylum Used hypnosis—using power of suggestion to put patients into tranceo Charcot noticed that these women patients (with unusual symptoms) symptoms went away when under hypnosis temporarilyo Based on suggestibility—person under hypnosis has to be willing to do that, hypnotherapist suggests things Charcot thought symptoms were part of unconscious mind Free association—patient says whatever comes to mind to try and get sense of what goes on in mindMind as Energy System Freudian idea Human mind like an energy system (biological view), body and mind are machine-likeo Mind gets energy from bodyo Physical energies of body are what fuels psychic energies of mindo Contents of mind do things, have energies, have instincts/drives that cause tension and increase energy within mindo Mind releases energy Limited amount of mental energyo Once use it up it has to be replenishedo If you use part of mental energy to do something else, you don’t have it at your disposal to use it for other thingso Ex. Worry about money in college among other worries, constantly thinking about it prevents you from attending to other things so have to put it aside Worrying about something takes up certain amount of mental energy Energy in mind can be blocked from expressiono If someone sees something/does something embarrassing/sees something traumatic and cant deal with emotions that come with it they can block ito Consciously or unconsciouslyo If block something from awareness it doesn’t go away but it is expressed in some other way—comes up from depths unexpectedly (crying randomly in response to something), negative results Homeostatic goalo Mind tries to reach balance, goal of all behavior is pleasure resulting from reduction of tension by release of energyo Find way to release mental energy (from traumatic experience, sexual aggressive urges, etc)—aggression essential to reach homeostatic goalInfluences: Breuer Free association under hypnosis Suggested that some symptoms patients had were related to earlier trauma Catharsis—emotional release person experiences if theyre able to remember previous trauma they blocked from conscious awarenesso Breuer discovered thiso If individual could express/release blocked mental energy/emotion through catharsis by
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