Cumulative Final Exam Study Guide While you are working on the study guide for the final exam, it may be helpful to think about what would happen if any of the components of the immune system were defective. This also provides an excellent opportunity to approach the course in a holistic way, integrating the topics together and exploring potential applications of the concepts discussed. Define the following terms: Antigen Antibody Cytokine Chemokine Inflammation Immunologic memory Phagocyte Draining lymph node HEV Vasodilation C-reactive protein Toll-like receptor Interferon Antiviral state Phagocytosis Epithelium Endothelium Granulocyte Agranulocyte Affinity Cluster of differentiation (CD) MHC TCR Peptide Polymorphic Kinase Phosphorylation Phosphatase Dephosphorylation CD3  chain Cross-linking Proliferation Differentiation B7 CD80/CD86 CTLA-4 CD28 CD40 CD40L Granzymes Perforin KAR KIR Fas FasLImmunodominant epitope Immunoglobulin Fab Fc J chain Hybridoma FcRn Epitope Immune complex AID Fc receptor Plasma cell Neutralization Opsonization Transcytosis C1 INH SERPIN DAF CR1 Factor I MCP CD59 Allergy Sensitization Elicitation Vasoactive amines Lipid mediators Degranulation Vasodilation Bronchoconstriction Granuloma Urticaria Autoreactive T cells Cross-reactivity Vasculitis Arthritis Nephritis DTH Neoantigen Histamine Prostaglandin LeukotrieneLearning Objectives – Important concepts to know At the end of this course, you should be able to: 1. Describe the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity, including: a. their components (ie. cells, molecules, barriers, etc.) b. how they function to eliminate pathogens (it may be helpful to use the components in a. above to describe this) c. their timeline during the course of an infection d. their role in primary and secondary immune responses 2. Explain the 4 signs of inflammation. 3. For each of the cells of the immune system discussed during the semester, be able to: a. identify it if given an image, or verbally describe the cell (ie. nucleus morphology, if granules are present – granule color and contents, etc.) b. explain the function of the cell, including cytokines produced or activated by c. classify the cell as part of the innate or adaptive immune system 4. List the cells which are classified as antigen presenting cells (APC) and which are classified as professional APCs. Discuss their functions. 5. Describe how we could identify the various lymphocytes apart from one another (at the cellular level). (hint: what molecules/receptors would you look for?) Know examples. 6. List the primary and secondary lymphatic organs including along with their major function. Be able to identify an image of the cell if given. 7. Explain the process that occurs once an antigen gains entry into the body and how it travels to the lymph node. 8. Explain the differences between the following lymphocytes: naive, mature, effector, and memory, such as their development, location, and function. 9. Outline the general steps and cell stages in hematopoiesis. Identify what drives the cells through hematopoiesis. 10. Based on what you have learned in this class, explain why a lymph node may be palpable. 11. Understand the nomenclature used for chemokines and chemokine receptors as well as their importance in regulating movement of immune cells through the lymphatic organs and peripheral tissues. You do NOT need to know the functions of specific ones but you should be able to recognize them if given.12. Explain the process of leukocyte extravasation, including: a. the molecules on the leukocyte and the molecules on the endothelial cells that interact with one another (ie. selectins, integrins, adhesion molecules, etc.) b. how some cells can be preferentially selected to extravasate out of blood vessels into the infection site (ie. chemokines, chemokine receptors) c. how the structural organization of the lymph node is influenced by chemokines and chemokine receptors d. how leukocytes circulate, and are preferentially selected, through the lymph nodes and into peripheral tissue using various chemokines and chemokine receptors e. the locations in which leukocyte extravasation can occur f. Figures: 3-3, 2-13, 3-4, 3-6, and 3-7 13. Compare the function and location of DAMPs, PAMPs, PRRs, and soluble mediators. 14. Compare the three complement pathways in respect to they are initiated, their steps, the purpose and result of the complement pathways? 15. Using examples, describe the function and purpose of opsonins. 16. Discuss how the host immune system protects itself against viral infections. 17. Compare the types of antigens T and B cells can recognize. 18. Explain the two-signal hypothesis including the components of the two signals. Know what ligands/receptors are found on which cells. Under which circumstances are two signals required and which only requires one signal? 19. Compare MHC I and MHC II molecules including: a. the cells they are expressed on b. how and where antigens are processed for each pathway c. important molecules that assist in processing the antigen/MHC production d. the location in which MHC molecules are loaded with antigen e. the type of T cell they present to f. know Figure 6-16 and 6-17 20. Explain the concept of cross-presentation, including what cell(s) can perform this and the benefits of cross-presentation.21. Discuss the effector functions of T cells and B cells (all of the subsets). 22. Compare the requirements for T cell and B cell activation. How is this different from B cell and T cell inhibition? 23. Explain what NF- -1, and NFAT are and what they have in common. 24. In general, identify the stages of lymphocyte development for B cells and T cells. Explain the process of negative and positive selection. 25. In regards to VDJ gene rearrangement: a. what cells can do this? b. what function does VDJ gene rearrangement serve? c. what are the functions of RAG and Tdt? d. what purpose does the C gene segment provide for antibodies? e. identify the polypeptides of a B cell receptor and T cell receptor 26. Describe the function and mechanism of alternative mRNA splicing. 27. Correlate the function and importance of AIRE and thymic epithelial cells to lymphocyte development. 28. Describe the relationship with, and importance of, IL-2 in T cell activation. 29. Compare cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity. 30. Compare the subsets