Chapter 15 Study Guide Define the following terms:Tolerance Self-tolerance Central tolerance Peripheral tolerance Autoimmunity Anergy Anergic Suppression Receptor editing Thymic epithelial cell AIRE Thymic education Negative selection TGF-β IL-10 CTLA-4 PD-1 Apoptosis Autoreactive Regulatory T cell Epitope spreading Genetic susceptibility PTPN22 NOD2 CD25 IL-23R FoxP3 Bystander activation Molecular mimicry Cross-reactive Tolerogens Stimuli Thymus independent antigen Functional inactivation Learning Objectives - Important concepts to know At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. In general, describe the purpose of tolerance. 2. For both central tolerance and peripheral tolerance, compare tolerance for T cells and B cells, including: a. the location in the body where central/peripheral tolerance occurs b. the mechanism(s) by which central/peripheral tolerance is maintained c. how particular cell-cell interactions promote central/peripheral tolerance (self/foreign antigen, costimulatory molecules, Fas/FasL, CTLA-4, PD-1, etc.) d. how cell(s) are used to promote central/peripheral tolerance e. consequences if central/peripheral tolerance is not maintained 3. Discuss the role of AIRE in tolerance. Where is AIRE specifically located? Hypothesize the potential consequences if AIRE was defective or absent in a given individual. 4. Discuss the consequences of a T cell that has been overstimulated. (please note the correction on D2L regarding this explanation) 5. Identify the cells that produce TGF-β and IL-10. What role(s) do they play in promoting tolerance? 6. Describe the purpose and process of receptor editing. What cells can do this and where does this occur?7. Explain the concept of genetic susceptibility and discuss how it relates to tissue injury and autoimmunity. 8. Identify single organ and multi-organ autoimmune diseases. 9. Discuss the concept of epitope spreading. 10. Identify the autoimmune diseases that have been linked to the genetic polymorphisms below: a. PTPN22 b. NOD2 c. Insulin d. CD25 e. IL-23R f. HLA11. Identify the importance of the following genes and proteins in autoimmune diseases or in preventing autoimmunity: a. AIRE b. FoxP3 c. IL-2 d. IL-2R e. CTLA-4 f. Fas g. FasL h. complement i. FcγRIIB 12. Describe the relationship between infection and autoimmunity. 13. Describe bystander activation. 14. Explain molecular mimicry. Where else have we seen this
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