Chapter 16 Learning Objectives Define the following terms: Extracellular bacteria Intracellular bacteria Obligate pathogens Tegument Virus Fungi Parasite Endotoxin Exotoxin Superantigen Septic shock Cytokine storm Bacteremia Natural immunity Artificial immunity Active immunity Passive immunity Immunogenic Immunogen Conjugate vaccine Interferons Neutralizing antibody Antiviral state DIC Granuloma IFN-γ Inactivated Attenuated Immune surveillance Learning Objectives – Important concepts to know At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Using specific examples of extracellular and intracellular pathogens, explain how the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system protect against the various pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; hint: your answer should also include any cells, cytokines, or associated molecules and receptors along with their functions). In contrast, what barriers must each of these pathogens overcome to survive within the host and what mechanisms do they use to evade the host immune system (this is a link to your assignment)? 2. Explain the cause, mechanism, and manifestation of septic shock. 3. Discuss the function, effect, and result of superantigens on the immune system. 4. Explain what obligate intracellular pathogens are, including listing an example. 5. Discuss the events that occur in the timeline of a viral infection, including the cells and cytokines involved at various stages of the immune response (both innate and adaptive immune systems). How are the reservoirs of viral infections eradicated? 6. Compare the different types of vaccines (live, attenuated, killed, inactivated, and conjugate). 7. Explain the difference between active and passive immunity. Which one provides the best protection? Explain your rationale. 8. Provide examples of the different types of immunity: active, passive, natural, artificial. 9. Describe what vaccines are and how they stimulate an immune response.Please look up the following information in your textbook: 1. Please read p. 344 in your text relating to, “Immune Evasion by Extracellular Bacteria”, as well as Table 16-2 in order to answer the following question: - How does E. coli evade the humoral immune system? 2. Please read p. 347 in your text relating to, “Immune Evasion by Intracellular Bacteria”, as well as Table 16-2 in order to answer the following questions: - What mechanisms are in place to facilitate immune evasion by intracellular bacteria? 3. Please read p.350-352 in your text relating to, “Immune Evasion by Viruses” as well as Figure 16-8 and Table 16-3 in order to answer the following questions: - What is antigenic variation (this answer can also be found on p.344 in the section, “Immune Evasion by Extracellular Bacteria”)? Name at least two different pathogens (from different microbe classifications ie. extracellular bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) that use this mechanism to evade the host immune system. - What is antigenic drift? What is antigenic shift? What clinical example is used to represent these concepts? 4. Please read p. 353-354 in your text relating to, “Immune Evasion by Parasites”, as well as Table 16-5 in order to answer the following questions: - In general, what are the four different mechanisms that parasites can use to evade the host immune system? - What is the process that trypanosomes use to evade the host immune system? 5. Please read p. 356 in your text relating to, “Adjuvants and Immunomodulators” to answer the following question: - What is an adjuvant and what is its purpose? List a few examples of adjuvants currently used. Please note: There will be an assignment posted on D2L in respect to this
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