SOC 2213 13th Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 13A: Family- Family – is a social institution that unties people together in a cooperative group to care for one another, including children.- Kinship- a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage or adoption. - Marriage – is a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing- Marriage patterns-1. Mate selection (page 421).A. Endogamy-B. Exogamy- C. Monogamy- D. Polygamy- 2. Residential Patterns3. Patterns of descentA. PatrilinealB. MatrilinealC. Bilateral4. Patterns of Authority- What the theorists say about the family 1. Structural functionalist – calls family “backbone of society”A. Four vital tasks1. Socialization2. Regulation of sexual activity3. Social placement4. Material and emotional security2. Conflict theory-A. How family perpetuates social inequality 1. Property and inheritance2. Patriarchy3. Race and ethnicityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Symbolic interactionists – A. How individuals shape and experience family life1. Childs Placement in the family 2. Intimacy- Four Alternative Family types1. One parent family- 2. Cohabitation –3. Gay and lesbian couples –4. Singlehood – Stages of Family LifeA. Courtship and romantic love1.2.3. B. Ideal/Real Marriage C. Child rearing D. Family LaterU.S. Families: Class, Race, and GenderA.B.C.Transitions and Problems in Family LifeA.1. The high U.S. divorce rate has many causes:A. B. C D.E. F. 2. Remarriage and Blended families 3. Family ViolenceFamilies: Looking AheadA.B.C.D.E.End 13ACurrent NotesA Religion- a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred 1.TypesA. Sacred- set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence1. Ritual- formal, ceremonial behavior2. Faith- belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence B. Profane- included as an ordinary element of everyday lifeB. THEORIES1. Structural Functionalists – society itself is godlike, shaping the lives of its members and living on beyond them. Practicing religion, people celebrate the awesome power of their society. Religion performs vital tasks, including uniting people and controlling behavior. A. According to Emile Durkheim- society has a life and power of its own beyond the life of any individual. Durkheim identified 3 major functions of religion that contribute to the operation of society.B. Three functions of religion1. Establishing social cohesion2. Promoting social control3. Providing meaning and purpose2. Symbolic Interaction theory- religion is socially constructed with divine inspiration. Through various rituals, people sharpen the distinction between the sacred and the profane. Religion strengthens marriage bu giving it and family life sacred meaning. People often turn to sacred symbols for comfort when facing danger and uncertainty.3. Conflict theorists- highlights religion’s support of social inequality by claiming that the social order is just. Organized religion supports the domination of women by men.A. Inequality and religion- religion serves elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people’s attention from social inequality. Religion also encourages people to accept the social problems of this world while they look hopefully to a “better world to come.”B. Gender and religion- feminist theory explains that religion and social inequality are also linked through gender because virtually all the world’s major religions are patriarchal. Despite patriarchal traditions, most religions now have women in leadership roles, and many are introducing more gender-neutral language in hymnals and prayer books. C. Religion and Social Change1. Max Weber’s Protestant – the Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of capitalism. Particular religious ideas set into motion a wave of change that brought about the industrialization of Western Europe. The rise of industrial capitalism was encouraged by Calvinism, a movement within the Protestant Reformation. Predestination: an all knowing, all powerful god has selected some people for salvation while condemning most to eternal damnation. Driven by anxiety over their fate, Calvinists practiced self-denial by living thrifty lives, eagerly embracing technological advances that promised to increase their workplace effectiveness. Together, these traits laid the groundwork for the rise of Industrial Capitalism.2. Liberation theology is the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character. D. Types of Religious Organizations1. A church defined: a religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society. Two types1. A state church- a church formally linked to the state. State churches count everyone in the society as a member, which sharply limits tolerance of religious differences. 2. A denomination- a church, independent of the state that recognizes religious pluralism (separation of Church and State is applied here)B. A sect- a religious organization that stands apart from the larger society. Sect members hold rigid religious convictions and deny the beliefs of others. A sect forms an exclusive group. Sects are less formal than churches. Sect members may be highly spontaneous and emotional in worship, compares to members of churches, who tend to listen passively to their leaders. Sects also reject the intellectualized religion of churches, stressing instead the personal experience of divine power. Sects follow highly charismatic leaders, form as breakaway groups and are less stable, and attract members who are social outsiders. C. A cult – a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions. A cult typically forms around a highly charismatic leader who offers a compelling message of a new and very different way of life. Because some cult principles or practices are unconventional, many people view cults as deviant or even evil. Calling a religious community a cult amounts to dismissing its members as crazy. E. Religion in HistoryA. Religion in preindustrial societies- had priestsB. Religion in industrial societies- many people began to look to scientist and physicians for answers. But religion still persisted because science could