SOC 2213 1st Edition Lecture 2Chapter 1 TermsSociology-the systematic study of human societySociological Perspective- sociology is the special point of view that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular peopleGlobal Perspective- the study of the larger world and our society’s place in itHigh- Income Countries-nations with the highest overall standards of livingMiddle- Income Countries-nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a wholeLow- Income Countries- nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor/ impoverishedComte's Three Stages of Society-theological stage, metaphysical stage, scientific stageTheological stage-the church in the Middle AgesMetaphysical Stage-the Enlightenment, ideas of Hobbes, Locke, and RousseauScientific Stage-modern physics, chemistry, sociologyPositivism-a scientific approach to knowledge based on “positive” facts as opposed to mere speculationTheory-a statement of how and why specific facts are relatedTheoretical approach-a basic image of society that guides thinking and researchingStructural Functional approach-a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stabilitySocial structure-any relatively stable pattern of social behaviorSocial functions-the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a wholeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Manifest functions-the recognized and intended consequences of any social patternLatent Functions-the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social patternSocial dysfunction-any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of societySocial conflict approach-a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and changeGender conflict theory (feminist theory) -the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and menFeminism-support of social equality for women and menRace conflict theory-the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categoriesMacro level orientation-a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a wholeMicro level orientation-a close up focus on social interaction that shape society as a wholeSymbolic interaction approach-a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individualsPositivist sociology-the study of society based on scientific observation of social behaviorEmpirical evidence-information we can verify with our sensesScience-a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observationConcept-a mental construction that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified formVariable-a concept whose value changes from case to caseOperationalize a variable- specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variableReliability-consistency in measurementsValidity-actually measuring exactly what you intend to measureMeasurement-a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific caseCorrelation-a relationship in which two or more variables change togetherCause and effect-a relationship in which change in one variable (independent variable) causes change in another (dependent variable)Independent variable-the variable that causes the changeDependent variable-the variable that changesSpurious correlation-an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by some other variableObjectivity-personal neutrality in conducting researchSociology’s three research orientations- positivist sociology, interpretive sociology, critical sociologyPositivist sociology-uses the logic of scienceInterpretive sociology-focuses on the meanings people attach to behaviorCritical sociology-uses research to bring about social changeResearch method-a systematic plan for doing researchExperiment-a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditionsSurvey-research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interviewParticipant observation-research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activitiesUse of existing sources-research method in which a researcher uses data already collected by othersStereotype-a simplified description applied to every person in some