SOC 2213 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture: Chapter 2- Culture- Culture: It is the ways of thinking and acting and the material objects that together form a people way of life or in other words it is a total way of life shared by a community. - Two Types :- Material culture ( tangible)- Non material culture- (intangible)- Society-4 elements of Culture 1. Symbols:2. Language:3. Values and beliefs:-Values: -Beliefs: 4. Norms - Two types of Norms: o Folkways- o Mores- - Cultural Change:Three phenomena that promote Cultural Change:1. Invention- 2. Discovery- 3. Diffusion- These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Cultural Diversity four Types of Culture:1. High Culture- 2. Popular Culture- 3. Sub Culture- 4. Counter culture- Cultural Integration- Cultural Lag – - Ethnocentrism : -Cultural relativism:-Global culture-- Culture and Human Freedom1. Culture as a constraint- 2. Culture as Freedom- Outline of Current Lecture, Chapter 3- Socialization: From Infancy to Old AgeI. Social ExperienceA. Socialization - Life long process by which we develop human potential and learn cultureB. Personality- Life longC. Nature vs Nurture- Both believe that social isolation is a sway from norms- Nature: that it come naturally- Nurture: behaviorism, learned, thought C. Social Isolation- No social interaction with othersA. Harlow’s - Experiment performed on monkeys - One cage only had a feeder and the other a feeder and a wired mother- Monkeys with only the feeder were angry and mean- The others with the wired mom were more docile and nicer- Once monkeys were put back with their parents the mean ones were mean to their mother but was straightened up real quickB. Anna’s Dilemma- Anna was a child born from a rape, her mother was mentally challenged - Father was embarrassed not knowing child was from a rape sent her off to a relative- Once age of 5 was brought back home and locked in basement only given food when yelled and screamed- Never able to interact with anyone was scared of people even doctors when they saved her- Died at the age of 10 from a blood disorder II. Understanding Socialization Socialized biologically belief socialized as we goA. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): The elements of personality1. Eros – life instinctsThanatos – death instinct.2. The personality includes three basic components:a. id (first occurs)- When we are born learn biologically as we grow - During this stage we are a ball of want.- Un-socialized selfb. ego (balance stage)- Child learns there’s something people want from him/her - to do things that are wanted, realizes ID stage isn’t going to work any morec. superego- you start to understand socialization- you internalize it more you grew and matured not as selfish as you once were- realize there are people you want to please - have to give in now because you know socialization is the main reasonB. Jean Piaget (1896–1980): Cognitive developmento as your mind grows you become more socializedo general ages1. Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development:a. The sensorimotor stage (birth – 2yrs)- We are socialized by our senses (smell, taste, feel…)- how we begin to understand- object performance: knowing something still exists but knowing you cannot see it (Pica boo) b. The preoperational stage, (2yrs – 6yrs)- we begin using languages and symbols in this stage- use imagination when they play- have trouble identifying a favorite of one thing [like a toy]c. The concrete operational stage, (7yrs – 11yrs)- child begins to connect with surroundings- can attach multiple meanings at this stage- focuses more on how and why things happend. The formal operational stage, (12yrs – up)- we learn abstract thinking and critical reasoning - creative, active beings internalize society as we goC. Lawrence Kohlberg (1981): Moral reasoning/developmento no age limits it’s how we mature over timea. preconventional- Socialized here morally over the pleasure vs. pain idea- Reason we baby proof houses- Quit a few years to learn thisb. conventional- usually teenage years although doesn’t have to be- lose selfishness and begin wanting to please othersc. postconventional- people morally develop to consider ethics and more abstract approaches- begin to understand liberty, justice and freedom- their own norms and morals- will often go with their own morals then laws - we are socialized at this stageD. Carol Gilligan (1982, 1990): The gender /moral developmento differently morally socialized between (male and female)- Similar to Kohlberg1. Boys- morals are around but tend to toward what is right and wrong2. Girls.- Don’t really care about morals on law, more on morals of responsibility E. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931): Theory of the social self1. The self o A dimension of personality composed of self-awareness as well as self-imagea. development of self b. social experience- What we experience throughout life through interaction - Symbol exchange- understanding- View situation through someone else’s eyes2. Dual Nature of selfo Two sided when it comes to being socializeda. “I”- Subjective: spontaneous, active part of self- Objective: internalized social norms, knows what society expects, knows what society expects b. “Me”3. looking glass self - Particular idea based on how others see us or respond to us and creates self-image- Reflection of a teachers work through the look on her students face- Plays a great part on how we are socialized4. Development of self- Take roles of othersa. Imitation/Play1. Significant others- People who are in our lives everyday2. Generalized other- Anyone we see outside the house (bus, drivers random people etc.)F. Erik H. Erikson (1902–1994): Eight stages/challenges of developmenta. Stage 1 — Infancy- the challenge of trust ( vs. mistrust)- between birth and 18 months- est. a sense of trust- family play important partb. Stage 2 — Toddlerhood- the challenges of autonomy (vs. doubt and shame)- up to age 3-learn skills to cope with the world in a confident way- including people outside of the familyc. Stage 3 —Preschool- the challenge of initiative (vs. guilt)- age 4-5-learn to engage their surroundingsd. Stage 4 —Preadolescence- the challenge of industriousness (vs. inferiority)-age 6-13-feel proud of their accomplishments or feel they