F. Community-Based CorrectionsSoc 2213 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture Definitions - Deviance – The recognized violation of cultural norms- Social Control – Ex. 9/11- Biological/Personality FactorsWhat the theorists say about deviance-Structural Functionalists- 1. Emile Durkheim – - 2. Four (4) essential functions- A. deviance affirms a cultures values and norms – - B. responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries –- C. responding to deviance brings people together –- D. deviance encourages social change – new music with new dances ( the Charleston) (Rock N Roll)- Robert Merton- American theorist. Theorist considered to be very down to earth. Said “that we all adapt in some way to the lack of scarce resources”- Strain Theory - this theory basically states that forces within society or social structures can encourage you to commit deviance.- The goal – the ideaology of society. Ex. America has “The American Dream”- The means-to get to the goal ( the American dream) you need an education, work hard for a job.-Strain Theory- Modes of Adaptation - Mode accept goals accept legitimate means- Conformity yes yes - Innovation yes no - Ritualism no yes - Retreatism no no - Rebellion yes, no yes , no - Subcultures of Deviance- Symbolic Interaction theory – individual and their interaction These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Labeling – labeling is something big in our society. Label a person Deviant in anyway will result in a difficult comeback. Two types of criminal deviance – produces more labeling than ordinary deviance 1. Primary deviance – the type of deviance in which we commit some violation ofa cultural norm, but it has very little effect on ourself, our being. Ex. Running Stop sign, speeding. Fines are less than the higher crimes 2. Secondary deviance – a bi impact on self image. Often gives deviant identity. Ex. Murderer, arsonist, rapist. - Stigma – a negative label-Retrospective and Projective Labeling- thinking how these labels affect us and those around us. - The medicalization of deviance- take a criminal act and convert it into a medical condition. Popular over the last 20 years. Tends to overlook the crime. Ex. Woman who drowned children in bathtub suffers from postpartum depression.- There are 2 other theories the symbolic interactionists hold to: 1. Who responds? 2. How does society respond 3. The personal competence of the deviant person. - 1. Edwin Sutherland differential association theory- you commit deviance by the people that you associate with. - 2. The other theory is Hirschi control theory –-Social Conflict Theory- about the inequality 1. Deviance and Power- the wealthy, rich, famous, make all the laws especially for the classes below them. Labels do not stick to the wealthy, rich, famous. ( Unjust and unfair)2. Deviance and Capitalism- 3. White collar crime- the crime that is commited in the course of ones occupation (embezzlement)4. Corporate Crime- crime of the corporation or people acting on its behalf.5. Organized Crime- a business supplying illegal goods or services. - Deviance, Race and Gender1. Hate Crimes2. Feminist theoryThree basic types of Crime 1. Crime against a person- 2. Crime against property3. Victimless crimes- - ProfileD. The “street” criminal: A profile1. Gender. 2. Age. 3. Social class4. Race and ethnicityE. Crime in Global Perspective: The U.S. crime rate is high. Two factors which may help to explain this are:1. Our culture’s emphasis on individual economic success.2. The extensive private ownership of guns.VII. The U.S. Criminal Justice SystemA. Due Process1. The criminal justice system must operate within the bounds of the law. The concept of due process means that anyone charged with a crime must receive:a. fair notice of the proceedingsb. a hearing on the charges conducted according to law and with the ability to present a defensec. a judge or jury that weighs evidence impartially B. Police1. The police serve as the primary point of contact between the population andthe criminal justice system.2. Police quickly size up a situation in terms of six factors:a. How serious is the alleged crime?b. What is the victim’s preference?c. Is the suspect cooperative or not?d. Have they arrested the suspect before?e. Are bystanders present?f. What is the suspect’s race?C. Courts.1. Plea bargaining is a legal negotiation in which the prosecution reduces a defendant’s charge in exchange for a guilty plea.D. Punishment: Four basic reasons to punish:1. Retribution is an act of moral vengeance by which society subjects an offender to suffering comparable to that caused by the offense.2. Deterrence is the attempt to discourage criminality through punishment.a. Specific deterrence demonstrates to the individual offender that crime does not pay.b. In general deterrence, the punishment of one person serves as an example to others.3. Rehabilitation involves reforming the offender to prevent subsequent offenses.4. Societal protection is rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through incarceration or permanently by execution.5. Critical reviewa. Punishment deters some crime, yet our society has a high rate of criminalrecidivism, the subsequent offenses by people convicted of crimes.b. Prisons do little to reshape attitudes or behavior in the long term.E. The Death Penalty1. It has limited value as a general deterrent.2. It may be applied unjustly.3. It is more expensive than life imprisonment without parole.F. Community-Based Corrections1. Community-based corrections are correctional programs located within society at large rather than behind prison walls. Such programs have the advantage of reducing prison overcrowding, reducing costs, and allowing for supervision of convicts, while eliminating the stigmatizing hardships of prison life.2. One form of