SOC 2213 1st Edition Lectures 25Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 9: Global StratificationI. Global Stratification: An OverviewA. Global stratification 1. High-income/first world/core countries are the relatively rich, industrialized nations with the highest standards of living. 2. Middle-income/second/ semi-peripheral world countries, nations with a standardof living about average for the world as a whole3. Low-income/third world/peripheral countries, nations with a low standard of living.II. Global Wealth and PovertyA. Two types of Poverty1. Relative Poverty2. Absolute PovertyB. The Extent of PovertyC. Poverty and ChildrenD. Poverty and Women (Three basic points)E. Slavery:1. Chattel slavery- 2. Slavery imposed by the state3. Child slavery 4. Debt bondage 5. Servile forms of marriage 6. Human trafficking.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.G. Six reasons why we have such poverty:1. Technology – 2. Population growth-3. Cultural patterns- 4. Social stratification 5. Gender inequalities 6. Global power relations handicap the poorest nations.III. Global Stratification: Applying TheoryA. Structural functional theory 1. Modernization theory 2. Rostow’s stages of modernization:a. Traditional stageb. Take-off stagec. Drive to technological maturityd. High mass consumptionB. Social Conflict theory1. Dependency theory 2. Wallerstein’s capitalist world economya. Rich nations b. Low-income nations c. The dependency of the peripheral nations results from:C. Symbolic Interaction theoryIV. Global Stratification: Looking At U. S. A. Income B. Social ProblemsV. The consequences of PovertyOutline of Current Lecture with Notes Chapter 10: Gender StratificationI. Gender and InequalityA. Gender & Gender Stratification- the difference between male and female 1. Gender- the personal traits and social positions attached to being male or female2. The ranking of a hierarchy between male and female and the inequalities it creates B. Israeli Kibbutz- started about 1920s-30s, these were technically farming communities, self-contained (support themselves), the reason that they were created isbecause Israel was trying to define itself and become a nation of its own. Because theywere small and self-contained, they did not use gender as a factor for anything because they needed every man and woman to do anything they were capable of. Look for best possible scenario. No gender stereotypes. Gender equality- made no distinctions between male and female. C. Patriarchy and sexism 1. Patriarchy- male domination over female (most countries)2. Matriarchy- female domination over male (years of peace)3. Sexism- the justification of patriarchy. The belief that one sex is innately superior over another. Costs us the talents and ambitions of half of humanity. The half is women. There is a belief that males are somehow better than females. II. Gender and SocializationA. Gender roles- the attitudes and activities that society links to each sex. B. Socialization and effects of gender in Society1. Family. They always remember it. Where they originally learn social roles.2. Schooling. Playground girls with girls, boys with boys. Middle school girls take Home Economics, Boys take Shop, P.E. College- Dorms, and Greek Life. Military male. Nurses female.3. Gender and the Mass Media. Get most of our ideas of what men and women must be like from mass media. Since the 1940s, men have always predominantly held center stage. Up until Marilyn Monroe. Voice overs mostly male voices. Women average size 14, now is size 2. The object is to be as skinny as possible to one of the “beautiful people” for women. Men be as “buff” and sculpted as possible.4. Beauty. Billion dollar industry in U.S. Mostly towards females, but growing on males. Markable products for men.III. Gender and Social StratificationWorking Men and women- in 1900 only about 20% of the labor force was female. Today, over 60% is female. 4 things that have changed the U.S. Labor force 1. Industrialization took over. 2. Growth in cities- As more people came in off farms, cities grew. As cities grew, factories grew. More jobs in the cities. More people working for wages. 3. The shrinking family size- Over the years. AS women came to work, family sizes shrunk because no farm, no need for many children to work the farm. And women went to work. 4. The rising divorce rate- Women used to not divorce because thye could not fend for themselves. Now with women pursuing jobs, they can support themselves. Today more than half of married couples depend on two incomes. The living wage was a wage given to a man married with children assuming the woman worked at home. Living wage not paid anymore. A. Gender & Occupations1. women have a high concentration in to types of jobs: service jobs- 20% concentration, food service, child and healthcare, nursingadministrative jobs-75% concentration office clerks, assistants, secretaries ( Pink Collar Jobs)3 things typically common: - typically at the low end of the pay scale- Limited opportunities for advancement- Usually have males as supervisors over themB. Gender & Unemployment- Women are unemployed more than men in society. Jobs often undervalued or overlookedC. Gender & Income & Wealth- in any field the greater the income and prestige of the job, the more likely it is held by a man. 98% kindergarten teachers female.82% elementary school teachers female. 57% high school teachers female. 39% college positionsheld by females. 18% of college administration held by female.How they keep women out of high prestige jobs:1. Define these jobs as male2. Women are criticized3 reasons why men earn more money1. Work done by females is devalued and deemed less important.2. The fact that we as society look at the family, and when we look at the family and our view of the family, we make women more responsible for the family than men.3. Discrimination against women. The Glass ceiling- an invisible barrier that keeps most women from rising above middle management. a. Second shift- the work that a mown does at home after her paying job. The house work. Women work 16.5 hours a week on house work. Men work about 9.2 hours a week on house work. Society says that women do the housework no matter what. D. Gender & education- historically, education has been reserved for males.E. Gender & Politics- a