Soc 2213 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 3- Socialization: From Infancy to Old AgeI. Social ExperienceA. Socialization B. PersonalityC. Nature vs Nurture - Nature:- Nurture: C. Social IsolationA. Harlow’s B. Anna’s Dilemma II. Understanding SocializationA. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): The elements of personality1. Eros – life instincts Thanatos – death instinct.2. The personality includes three basic components:a. id (first occurs)b. ego (balance stage)c. superegoB. Jean Piaget (1896–1980): Cognitive development1. Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development:a. The sensorimotor stage (birth – 2yrs)b. The preoperational stage, (2yrs – 6yrs)c. The concrete operational stage, (7yrs – 11yrs)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. The formal operational stage, (12yrs – up)C. Lawrence Kohlberg (1981): Moral reasoning/developmenta. preconventionalb. conventionalc. postconventionalD. Carol Gilligan (1982, 1990): The gender /moral development1. Boys2. Girls.E. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931): Theory of the social self1. The self o A dimension of personality composed of self-awareness as well as self-image a. development of self b. social experience2. Dual Nature of selfo Two sided when it comes to being socializeda. “I” b. “Me”3. looking glass self 4. Development of selfa. Imitation/Play1. Significant others2. Generalized otherF. Erik H. Erikson (1902–1994): Eight stages/challenges of developmenta. Stage 1 — Infancy- the challenge of trust ( vs. mistrust)b. Stage 2 — Toddlerhood- the challenges of autonomy (vs. doubt and shame)c. Stage 3 —Preschool- the challenge of initiative (vs. guilt)d. Stage 4 —Preadolescence- the challenge of industriousness (vs. inferiority)e. Stage 5 —Adolescence- the challenge of gaining identity (vs. confusion)f. Stage 6 — Young adulthood- the challenge of intimacy (vs. isolation)g. Stage 7 — Middle adulthood- the challenge of making a difference (vs. self absorption)h. Stage 8 — Old age- the challenge of integrity (vs. despair)III. Agents of SocializationA. The family B. SchoolC. Peer groups D. Mass Media Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 4- Social Interaction in Everyday LifeI. Social interaction – the process by which we act and react in relation to othersII. Social Structure- the cultural pattern of thought and action -Rely on sharing informationIII. Status- a social position that a person holds (what you do in everyday life, your identity) - Can have multiple statuses A. Status set- all of ones statuses together B. Ascribed and achieved statuses1. An ascribed status- one you achieve by birth ( son, daughter, sister, brother, ethnicity, race)-taken involuntary through life (born into it)2. An achieved status- a status that you have earned or created for yourself through talent or ability, reflects your ability and effort -College student is achieved status. -Can be a negative status (burglar, rapists, murderer)C. Master status- the status that you are probably identified with the most.-This status often shapes your life. (Current identity: college student) IV. Role- the behavior of a specific status, what we expect out of that particular status. A. Role set- all of the roles togetherB. Role conflict and role strain- certain things that happen among the roles1. Role strain- the tension, the demand, among one role of a single status (mother role) expectations2. Role conflict- the same tension or demand, but is among the role of two or more statuses ( mother has another status, or role of employee). When one of the roles (mother) conflicts with another role (employee) Example: One day the child is sick and so the mother has the conflict of staying home and caring for the child, or going to workC. Role exit- becomes, falls upon us as retirement. We leave our job to go to retirement.V. The Social Construction of RealityThe social construction of reality- the process by which individuals creatively shape reality through social interaction.A. “Street Smarts”- the lingo and knowledge one may obtain about the area they are involved in.B. Thomas theorem- situations that are defined as real, are real in their consequences. Example- Johnny has been told since the beginning of high school that he is not “college material”, he grows up and takes skill classes and graduates high school, and immediately starts a job with his skills background and does not go to college. Simply because he has been told andhas had the mindset that he was not “college material”.C. Ethnomethodology- studies the way that people make sense of their surroundings through everyday interactions. Harold Garfield. D. Reality Building- people in different cultures/societies, experience reality differently. Social construction of reality. E. Importance of Social Media- social media often defines our construction.- Has an impact on our reality.VI. Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” A. The presentation of self: 1. Dramaturgy/Performances2. Nonverbal communication 3. Idealization4. Embarrassment and TactD. Gender affectsVII. Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications A. Emotions ( feelings) 1. Paul Ekman Six basic emotions: 2. Culture 3. Home vs. on the jobB. Language: C. Reality