Society 13th edition Lecture 4Past outline- Chapter 1 Definition of sociology: It is the systematic study of human society. Sociological Perspective- how we view social phenomena- Seeing the general in the particular -- Seeing the strange in the familiar - Sociological imagination- it is the ability to see the intimate realities of our lives in the context of social structures. Applying the Sociological perspective – 1.2.3. Origins:1. 18th-19th century people began to think more about society and their role in it2. Three main reasons that sociology began to emerge as a new field of study:---3. August Comte - Contributions:1. 2.3.- He saw sociology as a product of three stages: 1. Theological stage – These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Metaphysical stage- 3. Scientific stage-Positivism:It is a way of understanding based on science. It is a belief that society operates according to certain laws just as the physical world does, like the law of gravity. 4. What is a theory?- Theory: is a statement of how and why specific facts are related. The Three Theories- 1. S tructural functional theory - Another important aspect of structural functionalism is what we call manifest and latentfunctions. - Manifest functions –recognized intended functions- Latent Functions – unrecognized, unintended functions of a - 2. Conflict or social conflict theory: A. Gender conflict theory- Feminism – conflict between men and women and support of equality for women- Harriett Martineau – first female sociologist – concerned about positionof women in societyB. Race conflict theory - race and ethnicity – inequalities and conflict between people of different races and ethnicities all over the world- WEB DuBois – saw sociology as key to solving societs -3. Symbolic interaction theoryHow we do Sociology- 1. Terms: a. Concept- b. Variable - c. Objectivity - -2. Measurement: a. Reliability- - b. Validity - - 3. Correlation and Cause – determines how variables are relateda. Correlation- 1. Cause (cause and effect) – 2. Independent variable- 3. Dependent variable – b. Spurious correlation –Four Methods of research a. The experiment- b. Survey- c. Participant observation- d. Existing Data- Current Outline with Notes Chapter 2- Culture: It is the ways of thinking and acting and the material objects that together form a people way of life or in other words it is a total way of life shared by a community. - Certain things that are unique to our culture such as food, music, and traditions can all be tied to culture- Two Types :- Material culture ( tangible)- Physical possessions ( ex. Clothes, cars, phones, T.V., etc.)- Things with money value that can be seen as frivolous - More focused on the WANTS in life, rather than the NEEDS. - Non material culture- (intangible)- Way of life, thinking, acting, doing- May not be a physical property, but is understood throughout the culture- Stories, events, songs, beliefs, practices, and traditions- Society: It is the people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture. In other words it is the population that shares the same territory and is bound together by political and economic ties.- Society and Culture are two different things but correlate with each other-4 elements of Culture .1. Symbols:- Gestures have different meanings in different countries- Anything that has a particular meaning to a particular society2. Language:- Some languages may be the same for many countries and cultures, but are unique tohow the language is expressed to certain cultures- Cultural Transmission: the way we pass culture from one generation to the next- However, each area may have an understood culture, each generation creates their own culture as seen as they are all different.3. Values and beliefs:-Values: cultural standards by which a society judges ( desirability, beauty, and goodness)- Nine key values of the U.S. culture Equal opportunity Freedom Progress Science Democracy, free enterprise Race and group superiority Individual achievement and success Practicality and efficiency Activity and work Material comfort- Beliefs: specific statements that a society holds to be true4. Norms - Rules and expectations of what we use to guide members- What we eat is considered a norm- Two types of Norms: o Folkways- casual interactions and casual routines followedo Mores- widely observed as laws and morality, and have a great moral significance- Cultural Change:Three phenomena that promote Cultural Change:1. Invention- process of creating new cultural elements2. Discovery- recognizing and understanding something that one never understood before3. Diffusion- the spread of cultural traits from one culture to another- Ex. Spanish, Italian, French, German etc. influences in America such as food- Cultural Diversity Four Types of Culture:1. High Culture- culture of the elite (high class)- learn things common people would not2. Popular Culture- culture of the masses, most embrace wide spread patterns among society 3. Sub Culture- unique culture that lives peacefully in dominant culture ( ex. Amish, Quaker) 4. Counter culture- culture that opposes other cultures (ex. KKK, Anarchists, Gangs)Cultural Integration- recognized elements that were brought into societyCultural Lag – cultural elements move at different rates, some faster than others, problems arise- Ethnocentrism : judging other cultures by your own standards or the belief that your culture is superior when judging others -Cultural relativism: the practice of judging a culture by its own standards -Global culture- cultures come to resemble each other via Cultural diffusion- Culture and Human Freedom1. Culture as a constraint- a mechanism for putting knowledge in the world through understood conventions. ( ex. Use of colors, red to indicate caution or warning, greento indicate acceptable status)2. Culture as Freedom- the right of individuals and communities to define and protect valued and divers ways of life threatened by