Sociology 1st Edition Lecture 3Chapter 1 TermsSociology- the systematic study of human societySociological Perspective- sociology is the special point of view that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular peopleGlobal Perspective- the study of the larger world and our society’s place in itHigh- Income Countries- nations with the highest overall standards of livingMiddle- Income Countries- nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a wholeLow- Income Countries- nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor/ impoverishedComte's Three Stages of Society- theological stage, metaphysical stage, scientific stageTheological stage- the church in the Middle AgesMetaphysical Stage- the Enlightenment, ideas of Hobbes, Locke, and RousseauScientific Stage- modern physics, chemistry, sociologyPositivism- a scientific approach to knowledge based on “positive” facts as opposed to mere speculationTheory- a statement of how and why specific facts are relatedTheoretical approach- a basic image of society that guides thinking and researchingStructural Functional approach- a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stabilitySocial structure- any relatively stable pattern of social behaviorSocial functions- the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a wholeManifest functions- the recognized and intended consequences of any social patternLatent Functions- the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social patternThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Social dysfunction- any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of societySocial conflict approach- a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and changeGender conflict theory (feminist theory) - the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and menFeminism- support of social equality for women and menRace conflict theory- the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categoriesMacro level orientation- a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a wholeMicro level orientation- a close up focus on social interaction that shape society as a wholeSymbolic interaction approach- a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individualsPositivist sociology- the study of society based on scientific observation of social behaviorEmpirical evidence- information we can verify with our sensesScience- a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observationConcept- a mental construction that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified formVariable- a concept whose value changes from case to caseOperationalize a variable- specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variableReliability- consistency in measurementsValidity-actually measuring exactly what you intend to measureMeasurement- a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific caseCorrelation- a relationship in which two or more variables change togetherCause and effect- a relationship in which change in one variable (independent variable) causes change in another (dependent variable)Independent variable- the variable that causes the changeDependent variable- the variable that changesSpurious correlation- an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by some other variableObjectivity- personal neutrality in conducting researchSociology’s three research orientations- positivist sociology, interpretive sociology, critical sociologyPositivist sociology- uses the logic of science Interpretive sociology- focuses on the meanings people attach to behaviorCritical sociology- uses research to bring about social changeResearch method- a systematic plan for doing researchExperiment- a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditionsSurvey- research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interviewParticipant observation- research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activitiesUse of existing sources- research method in which a researcher uses data already collected by othersStereotype- a simplified description applied to every person in some