Grade Buddy PSYCH 111 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual DevelopmentII. Psychosocial DevelopmentOutline of Current LectureI. IdentityII. ParentingIII. Moral ReasoningCurrent LectureI. IdentityMarcia developed the idea of identity diffusion and identity achieve-ment. Attachment was a major area of study in the observation of identity. This is exemplified through Harlowe’s Monkey’s, where safe base behavior was observed. This is when a baby or child is frightened by a threat of the environment, they run to their mother’s for safety and protection. If the monkey was placed into an environment that was unfamiliar and strange, he or she seemed out their mothers to be able to feel comfortable. If the mother was not present, they seemed the most comfort they could find, but were still frightened. II. ParentingThere are several different parenting styles as developed by Hoffman and Baumrind. The criteria for being a good parent are nutrience and warmth (1), firmness and clarity of control (2), the level of maturity demands(3), and the degree of communication (4). You are an authoritarian parent if you are high in 2 and 3, but low in 1 and 4. You are a permissive parent if you are high in 1, but low in 2 3 and 4. You are an authoritative parent if youare high in 1 2 3 and 4. You are a harmonious parent if you are high in 1 3 and 4, but low in 2. Lastly, you are a neglecting parent if you are low in 1 2 3and 4.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Moral ReasoningKohlberg presented subjects with moral questions such as Heinz’s dilemma to study moral reasoning. He created 3 stages of moral reasoning to describe the process of reasoning. The first stage is the pre-conventional stage, where punishment orientation and native reward orientation are de-veloped. In other words, the punishment and reward system for the action isidentified. The second stage is the conventional stage, where good boy/girl orientation is developed, as well as authority orientation. This is where the person learns what is good and not good to do, as well as who has authority over the situation. The last stage is the post-conventional stage, where so-cial contract orientation and individual principles and conscience orientation are
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