Grade Buddy PSYC 111 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. MotivationII. SleepOutline of Current LectureI. Sleep PathologyII. EmotionIII. SensationIV. VisionCurrent LectureI. Sleep PathologyThere are several different types of sleeping issues that occur in humans and animals. One is insomnia, which is the inability to sleep due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Hypersomnia is sleeping too much due to depression. Narcolepsy is when a person or animal has uncontrollable bouts of sleep where they can be performing any activity and fall asleep on the spot. Sleep paralysis is when you wake up and can’t move your body. The mechanism in your brainstem that sends motor signals to your body has been shut off, and the ability to move around has been inhibited. Somnambalism is the term for sleepwalking as a child, which is when sleepwalking is most common.II. EmotionEmotion is related strongly to levels of arousal. The brain structures involved in emotional behavior are the orbitotrontal cortex and the amygdala. Emotion is a sympathetic response, and there are 3 main theories related to emotion and common sense: James’ Peripheral Feedback Theory, Schacter and Singer’s Cognition and Feedback Theory, and the FacialFeedback Theory. James’s Peripheral Feedback Theory is similar to common sense theory but switches the order of “emotional response” and “bodily These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.arousal”. “The arousal is the emotion” Stimulus (bear)—perception (danger) — bodily arousal (sympathetic response)— Emotional Response (fear). Schacter and Singer’s Cognition and Feedback Theory is the peripheral arousal and the emotional response happen independently of each other andat the same time. Similar patterns of arousal could have the same response so your brain makes a cognitive appraisal of the situation and bases emotionoff it. The Facial Feedback Theory says that “I’m happy because I’m smiling”.There was an experiment where participants were asked to say the letter “e”and at the end of the experiment, the participants rated themselves as happier than before.III. SensationThe 5 main senses are know as Vision, Audition (hearing), Gustation (taste), Olfaction (smell), and Somatosensation (touch). The sense are regulated by sensory systems =, which are made up of receptor organs. Receptor organs are designed to focus environmental energy onto the nervous system. Receptors handle transduction, which is process by which astimulus from the environment generates electrical changes in neurons. Thisis handled mostly inside the ear and the eye.IV. VisionVision takes place in they eyes, which is where the eyes pick up 400-700 nm wavelengths of light, which is what allows us to see. The cornea is the first surface light hits; it is clear (transparent), convex (outward curvature), and helps focus light. The Sclera is the white part of eye, and thechamber is behind the cornea, full of aqueous humor fluid (water-like liquid), and helps the flow of nutrients into the eye, and gives eye its shape and structure. The Iris is the colored part of your eye, usually blue or brown, behind the chamber. It's a muscle that spirally either opens or closes to determine how much light should come into the eye. The Pupil is the black appearing center in the iris, or the hole through which light can pass the eyeball. When there is a lot of light, pupils do not widen. The Lens is behind iris, just like a camera, and is responsible for focusing light waves on the back of the eye. The Retina is a membrane lining the rear interior of the eyeball, where photoreceptors lie. Photo receptors are broken into two types; rods and cones. There are about 120 million rods in the human eyes, and they give a person the ability to see in dim lighting. They are located in the periphery of the retina. There are about 6 to 7 million cones in the human eyes. They are of high acuity,and allow for the perception of color in human beings. They are located in the center of the cornea, also called the