PSYCH 111 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Origins of PsychologyII. First Theory of PersonalityOutline of Current Lecture II. EnlightenmentIII. 19th CenturyIV. Advent of Modern PsychologyV. PsychoanalysisCurrent LectureI. Enlightenment (17th Century)Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician, came up with the idea of Cogito ergo sum, meaning “I think, therefore I am.” He was a practicer of Interactionism, which was the study of how people act in society. He believed that universal laws governed behavior, and he opened the door for the study of psychology. He also discovered the pineal gland, which is a part of the brain that looks different from the rest of the brain. It is found directly in the middle of the brain, and is responsible for the reactions to light/dark cycles, and mating behavior.II. 19th CenturyCharles Darwin, a scientist, came up with the Theory of Natural Selection, which was thebelief that those who were most equipped to survive would, and those who weren't would die out. He also discovered that humans had been around for 200,000 years. A geneticbottleneck is where only certain members of a species make it through a certain event,and they change the genetic makeup of the species that is going through the event. The selectiveagent determines which individuals live and die. During this time, it was discovered that the Earth was 4.6 billion years old.Functionalism was an early movement in psychology, and was developed during this time. It was developed as an alternative to behaviorism, and is the belief that mental states are constituted by their functional role. Epigenetics was also developed during this time, and was the genesis of developmental psychology. It is the study of chemical reactions in DNA and the factors that influence them.III. Advent of Modern Psychology (1880)Voluntarism was a theory developed by Wilhelm Wundt, who is considered to be the father of modern psychology. The theory was that free will is the central driving force for individuals in the universe. Wundt studied cognitive psychology and conceptual processes, which were the interpretation of sensory signals. He also believed that a fundamental part of these theories was introspection, and looking into ones mind.Structuralism was a theory studied by Edward Titchner, who was a student of Wundt. Structuralism was the theory that all elements of human kind are part of the system of signs. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Functionalism was also studied by William James, who believed that survivalist motivated all human behavior. Gestalt Psychology was the belief that “the whole is greater thanthe sum of the parts”, and was studied by psychologists such as Weitheimer, Kohler, and Kaffka. Psychophysics was all about studying sensory thresholds and absolute thresholds. A major component was also learning the JND (just noticeable difference) between two subjects.IV. PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis was a theory of psychology that was first studied and invented by Sigmund Freud. Hysteria was a major component of psychoanalysis, which was also studied by Hippocrates. Psychoanalysis determined the role of the unconscious, and studied unconscious conflicts. These were the conscious, and preconscious, and the unconscious fighting to control the mind of the