Psych 111 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. PerceptionII. Depth PerceptionIII. Pattern PerceptionIV. Motion PerceptionV. IllusionsOutline of Current LectureI. MemoryII. Short-Term MemoryIII. Long-Term MemoryCurrent LectureI. MemoryMemory is the ability of the brain to remember what happens to somebody in life or what information they read, hear, see, or learn. Ebbinghaus was the first person credited with studying memory scientifically. He studied memory by using non-sense syllables as an experimental. This allowed him to determine the participants’ abilities to retain stimuli so that participants were not able to recognize the words information. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model wascreated in 1968 and was used to further studies in memories. It explained how people process and store memories. The model consists of three parts: Sensory Register Memory, Short Term Memory, and Long Term Memory. Sensory Register Memory is not a cognitive memory but is physiological, and it disappears after a short period of time. There are two types of sensory register memory: Visual Sensory Memory, or iconic memory, and Auditory Sensory Memory. Visual Sensory Memory is the memory of visual objects. Sperling experimentally determined the amount of time visual sensory memory lasts by asking people to look at 3 rows of 4 letters and quickly taking it away, and grouped people based on how long he would wait to ask them what they saw. He determined that after ½ second, the memory faded. Auditory Sensory Memory, or Echoic Memory, is the memory of auditory sounds. Moray experimentally determined that sensory memory lasts 2 seconds.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Short Term MemoryShort term memory is also referred to as working or active memory, and refers to the conscious part of memory. It is pertained to sensory memory, and needs to be rehearsed in order to be remembered. Peterson & Peterson showed that short term memory lasts about 15-20 secs, and they did this by using nonsense syllables. They sorted participants into groups based on how long they were asked to recall information after being showed image; they did not let them perform rehearsal functions and asked them to count backwards from 400 in intervals of 3. Miller determined that short term memory size is 7+/- 2 units. A unit is a single block of memory. Chunking is the grouping of individual units of information into larger units. Clustering is organizing information into things based on related categories, or category learning.III. Long Term MemoryLong term memory is also called declarative memory. After many rehearsals, the short term memory becomes encoded and stored as long term memory. The memory stays there until it is retrieved back into short term memory again (retrieval). The types of long term memory are episodic, which are the experiences of life, flashbulb, which are emotional and vivid memories, and semantic/factual memories, which are factual memories. There is also implicit and explicit memories, which are the difference between conscious and unconscious memories. Explicit memory is the declarative and conscious memory. There are 2 types of explicit memory; Recall, when someone is asked to answer something with no retrieval clues; and Recognition, when you are given clues to recall if you have seen or learnt something before. Implicit memory is the procedural and unconscious memory. Procedural Memory is how to do a certain task. There are 2 types of implicit memory; Word completion, orfilling in missing letters of an incomplete word; and repetition