PSYC 111 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 13 Lecture 8 (February 24th)What are some examples of neurotransmitters and what do they do?Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another target neuron. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is found in the peripheral nervous system and the neuromuscular junction. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that leads to REM sleep. Dopamine is released in the motor pathway and the reward pathway. Serotonine is found in the Raphea nucleus and leads to the onset of non-REMsleep.Lecture 9 (February 26th)What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system and how do they differ from the parasympathetic nervous system?The sympathetic nervous system raises the heart rate and blood pressure of the body. It also releases glucose and fat for high energy, raises blood flow to skeletal muscles, and decreases digestive processes. The parasympathetic nervous system deals with the opposite reactions to the processes the sympathetic nervous system deals with.What so the brain, spinal cord, and brain stem do for the body?The spinal cord carries messages from the spinal nerves and the brain. The spinal cord is also responsible for rhythmic movements such as walking, running, or swimming. The brainstem controls basic movement patterns (eating, drinking, fighting, grooming) as well as sleep and arousal. It also acts as the relay station of the brain. The brain itself has two hemispheres, the right and the left. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and vice versa. The frontal lobe is the youngest and most derived partof the brain, and is where the consciousness is. The parietal lobe is the primary motor are and association areas. The occipital lobe is the visual area of the brain. Lastly, the temporal lobe deals with sensory input, such asvisual memories.Lecture 10 (March 3rd)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.What is motivation?Motivation is the drive one has to do or acquire something they want or need. Motivation can go towards food, water, sleep, or sex, or anything else.It is controlled by the central drive system.What are sleep cycles?Sleep cycles are 90 minute sleep periods, and 4 or 5 of them occur ever night, in a typical 8 to 9 hours of sleep. Most deep sleep occurs in the 1st cycle, and REM occurs in the later cycles. The function of sleep is explained in the restoration theory, to recharge the body and allow it to function at the same level when it is rested. Lecture 11 (March 5th)What are the differences between the rods and cores of the retina in the eyes?There are 120 million rods in the retinas, and 6-7 million cores in the retinas. The rods provide the ability to see in dim light, while the cores allow for the perception of color and high acuity. The rods are located in the periphery of the retina, while the cores are located in the center of the retina.Lecture 12 (March 10th) What are the 3 types of perception? Describe each one.Depth perception is the ability of the eyes to distinguish things that are closeto the person or far away from them, and be able to judge distances of objects in relation to them. Pattern perception is how the human brain naturally differentiates patterns and themes when the eyes see them. Motion perception is being able to tell what something is when it is moving, and how it is moving.Lecture 13 (March 12th)What is short term memory versus long term memory?Short term memory is the last 15-20 seconds of what the brain is able to remember, or what happened in the last few seconds. It is related to short term memory loss, where the person is not able to remember anything that has recently happened to them. Long term memory is like episodic, where the brain categorizes long periods of time to be remembered. Amnesia is related to long term memory, where long periods of time are forgotten by