PSYC 111 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 14 - 19 Lecture 14 (March 19th)What is intelligence?Intelligence is the measure of how much a person is able to access their brain and use it for things such as problem solving, recalling information, deductive reasoning, and other such activities.How can intelligence be measured?Intelligence can be measured in different ways, including the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test. The Binet-Simon intelligence test takes your mental age, and divides it by your chronological age, and the result is your measure of intelligence. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test is a revision of the Binet-Simon scale and measures one’s IQ. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale measures ones verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full scale IQ, which is the combined result of the former two measurements.What is creativity?Creativity is the ability of someone to use their intelligence to create new things and the use of the imagination to develop new and original ideas, mostly in the artistic form. People have attempted to measure creativity, although it is much more difficult to measure than intelligence.Lecture 15 (March 24th)What are the methods used to study developmental psychology?There are several methods used in developmental psychology, one of which being cross-sectional design. The advantage of this method is it is time efficient, however it is subject to thecohort effect. Longitudinal studies are another method used in developmental psychology, and it controls for individual differences in subjects. However, it is extremely time consuming, expensive, and there is high participant mortality and selective drop-out rates. The last method used is sequential designs, which combines cross-sectionalism and longitudinal approaches. Whet senses does an infant use to identify their mother, and at what age?When an infant is 1 month old, they identify their mother by the olfactory sense, or the sense ofsmell. When an infant reaches 4 months, they use auditory (sound) senses to identify their These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.mother. When the infant reaches 8-9 months of age, they use the visual (sight) sense to recognize their mother.Lecture 16 (March 26th)What are Piaget’s 4 main stages of development?The first stage is the sensorimotor stage, which spans from birth to 2 years of age. This is when object permanence is developed. The second of Piaget’s stages is the pre-operational stage, which lasts from 2 to 7 years of age. This stage is where symbolic thought, conservation, and egocentrism are developed in children. Concrete operations is the third stage, and lasts from 7 to 13 years of age. This is where seriation and transitivity are developed. Formal operations is the fourth of Piaget’s stages, and lasts from 13 years of age, through to adulthood. This is where hypothetical and abstract thinking are developed, as well as abstract math and language skills, and deductive logic. Scientific thinking is the most important function developed in this stage.What are the two theories of language development?There are two different theories of how language is developed in humans. The first is Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory, which is the theory that reinforcement and behavioral conditioning will develop language in children. The second is Chomsky’s Generative-Transformational Theory, which was the idea that children use transformation sounds and words to create new sentences, and develop grammar. Lecture 17 (March 31st)What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development?The first stage is the oral stage, which takes place from birth to two years of age. This stage is where the infant places many things inside of their mouth for stimulation and development of the mouth and teeth. The next stage is Anal, which last from 2 to 4 years of age. This is where the development of toilet training lis learned by the child.The next stage of development is the phallic stage,which lasts from 4 to 7 years of age for the child. This is where the oedipus complex is developed, as well as penis envy and the electra complex. The latency stage is the fourth stage, and lasts from 7 to 13 years of age. Thefinal stage is the genital stage, and lasts from 13 to 18 years of age. This is where children enter puberty and develop sexually, and begin to explore in their sexual desires. What is developed in each stage of psychosocial development?Stage 1- Trust vs. Mistrust (0 to 2 years)Stage 2- Initiative vs. Shame (2 to 4 years)Stage 3- Initiative vs. Guilt (4 to 7 years)Stage 4- Industry vs. Inferiority (7 to 13 years)Stage 5- Identity vs. Role Confusion (13 to 18 years)Stage 6- Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood)Stage 7- Generativity vs. Stegnation (Mid Adulthood)Stage 8- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)Lecture 18 (April 2nd)Why was the study with Harlow’s monkeys significant?Harlow’s monkeys study was significant because it showed how infants are attached to their mother’s and prefer comfort to any other type of nurturing. They are more comfortable when their mother’s are in their presence, and feel safe enough to explore their surroundings when their mother’s are nearby. They will also flee to the comfort of their mothers when faced with danger or terror.What are the main criteria for good parenting?There are four main criteria for good parenting styles. They include Nurturance and Warmth, firmness and clarity of control, level of maturity demands, and the degree of communication. When all of these criteria are met, they are considered to be a good parent, and their child will be well developed.Lecture 19 (April 14th)What is prejudice?Prejudice is when a person or a group of people harbors unsavory feelings towards a group of people because of stereotypes and rumors that exist towards those people. There can be in-group or out-group prejudice, meaning prejudice can be within a group of people, or from one group to another. Prejudice can be controlled by a person, meaning someone chooses how prejudiced they are towards a group, or automatic, which is prejudice someone is born