PSYC 111 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 6Lecture 1 (January 27th)History of Psychology Who were the major philosophers responsible for some of the early principles of psychology?Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Empedocles, and Hippocrates were the major philosophers who developed early psychology and studies early personalities, essences, Empiricism, and Dualism.Lecture 2 (January 29th)What were some of the main principles discovered by Darwin in the 19th Century?Darwin discovered the theory of natural selection; that those individuals that were suited to survive would, and those who were not would die out. He also discovered that humans had been on the Earth for 200,000 years, and that genetic bottlenecks shaped how a species developed.What is hysteria and who discovered it?Sigmund Freud was the first psychologist to determine what hysteria was, and classified it as when women were over stressed for little to no reason, and it began to effect them physically and emotionally. He also said it was the stubble between the conscious, unconscious, and subconscious.Lecture 3 (February 3rd)What was the main focus of behaviorism?The main focus was conditioning, whether it be classical or operant conditioning. Classical, developed by Watson, believed that when you are born, you don't have any behaviors and have to learn them all. Thorndike and Skinner developed operant conditioning. What are the 4 types of studies used in research?The 4 types of studies are descriptive studies, case studies, correlational studies, and experiments. Experiments were the most complicated, whereas descriptive studies and case studies focused more on observation of natural processes.Lecture 4 (February 5th)What are the main data collection methods?The main collection methods are questionnaires, interviews, observations, and tests. Interviewsgather the most data, but take the longest. Interviews and tests take a short amount of time and reach a large number of subjects, but gather limited data.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.What is the difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?Descriptive statistics help summarize data by measuring the tendency and variability of the results. Inferential statistics are used to determine if differences between groups are due solely to sampling error or to sampling error plus independent variable.Lecture 5 (February 10th) What are some ways that genes can effect behavior?Dominant genes are susceptible to Huntington’s disease, which degenerates the functionality of the body and mental state in the person. The recessive gene is receptive to PKU, or autosomal recessive disorder. Genes can also cause red-green color blindness in men, or Trisomy 21, also known as Down Syndrome.What is evolution and how has it effected psychology?Evolution is the interaction of genes and the environment over time. Evolution has effected biological, individual, and cultural adaptations in the human community, and has been studied heavily by Mendel and Lamarck.Lecture 6 (February 12th)What are critical periods?Critical periods are times in an individuals life where they only have a certain amount of time to learn a certain skill. If they do not learn it, chances are they never will. What are some vestigial behaviors?Some examples of vestigial behaviors are newborns reflexes, grasping of hands, and facial expressions in babies.What are the four main patterns of mating in animals?The four main patterns of mating are Polygyny, which is when one male and multiple females mate, Polyandry which is when one female and more than one male mate, Monogamy which is when one male and one female mate, and then Polygynandry, which is when multiple males and multiple females