BIO 101 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Study Guide for Plant and Fungi material Be able to answer these questions or questions about the following 1 What characteristics do all land plants share and what makes them different from animals fungi algae and bacteria Cell wall Multicellular Ability to photosynthesize all plants Fixed in a place land dwelling Alternation of generations life cycle some plants have 2 different free living phases that don t look the same 2 Which domain are plants in Eukaryote 3 What are some tissues in plants xylem phloem photosynthetic tissue what are some organs in plants Xylem primarily transports water and minerals from the roots Xylem is made of dead cells acting as tiny pipes Xylem sap is moved through the plant body via transpiration Water evaporates into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems pulling up more water from the roots Phloem primarily transports sugars Phloem contains living cells that transport sugars from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plants Phloem sap always flows from a sugar source to a sugar sink Plant Tissues join to form organs Several types of plant tissues that work together to carry out a particular function are considered an organ A leaf is a plant organ for photosynthesis it contains xylem and phloem tissues Other plant organs include roots and stems 4 How do plants get more light How do they protect themselves Plants can get more light by rowing upward by primary growth 5 What are the four main groups of plants and what innovation does each group have Bryophytes Seedless non vascular plants o Use spores for reproduction o Uses external fertilization for reproduction o Sperm must swim to egg so plants must live near water Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns Vascular o Uses spores for reproduction o Uses external fertilization for reproduction o Sperm must swim to egg so plants must live near water o Ferns can grow tall which is an adaptation for competing for sunlight Gymnosperms Vascular o Uses seeds for reproduction o Uses external fertilization for reproduction o Sperm carried in pollen grain so plant can live in a drier habitat o Uses cones for reproduction o Needles can perform photosynthesis because of thick pores in released pills which is an adaptation for surviving in cold climates o can grow tall which is an adaptation for competing for sunlight Angiosperms Vascular Flowering Plant o Uses seeds for reproduction o Uses external fertilization for reproduction o Sperm carried in pollen grain so plant can live in a drier habitat o Has flowers for reproduction o Can remain dormant for long periods of time which is an adaptation for surviving in dry habitats and in cold habitats 6 What adaptations allowed plants to move to the land Natural selection favored the plants that could survive further and further u the tide line where there was no competition for resources Over time populations evolved adaptations that enabled them to survive occasional drying 7 What are some examples of each of the 4 major groups of land plants Bryophytes Moss Liverwort hornwort Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns Gymnosperms Conifers Pine Redwood Ginkgo tree Angiosperms flowering plants 8 How does a seed form Sperm from the pollen grain moves through the tube to the egg One haploid sperm fertilizes the haploid egg to create a diploid zygote The other sperm fuses with another cell to form the endosperm The endosperm provides nourishment to the embryo 9 What is an ovule The site of egg development in a plant 10 What are the three main components of a seed Endosperm provides nourishment to the embryo Embryo produced through cell division of the zygote 11 What is the male gametophyte of seed plants 12 How do seeds help plants be more successful what are some characteristics and adaptations of seeds Seeds can remain dormant for long periods until favorable conditions exist At that point the seed germinates ad the embryonic plant emerges as a seedling 13 How can some conifers live so long and get so big 14 Which of the four major groups of plants is the most diverse 15 Major flower structures sepals petals stamens carpels Sepal outer leaves of the flower usually green that encase a flower when it is closed Petal Often colorful and or fragrant which helps attract pollinators such as bees Stamens Pollen producing reproductive structure Anther Sac like structure the top of the stamen where spores are produced Filament Stalk that holds up the anther Carpels Egg Producing reproductive structure Stigma Landing platform for pollen Style Stalk through which sperm travel to reach egg Ovary Chamber that surrounds and protects one or more ovules 16 Modes of pollination Occurs when pollen lands on the stigma of a flower with the same species Some plants can self fertilize some can only fertilize other plants 17 How do plants use animals to disperse fruit After the animals eat the fruit an animal will usually deposit the indigestible seed some distance away from the parent plant 18 What is a fruit A ripened ovary that contains seeds 19 What is the main advantage of double fertilization 20 What is a fungus Fungi are decomposers that break down large molecules in their environment and absorb the resulting small molecules Such decomposition helps recycle nutrients Eukaryotes composed of cells with nuclei and other membrane surrounded organelles 21 How do fungi differ from plants For example what is in their cell walls Fungi get their food by decomposing other organisms while plants do photosynthesis 22 How do fungi get their food They secrete powerful enzymes into their environment that digest large biological molecules breaking down proteins into amino acids Once broken down the small nutrient molecules are absorbed directly into the cells of the fungus 23 What are some important fungi including those that live with plants Yeast for making bread mushrooms etc 24 What are some fungal diseases Athlete s foot Vaginal yeast infection lung infections ringworm 25 What are hyphae What is a mycelium What is a mushroom Hyphae body structure that is made of fibers o These are the fungal bodies that are made of thread like structures hyphae o Each hyphae is a chain of interconnected cells pores within the crosswalls allow materials and even cellular organelles to flow between cells Mycelium Below ground supporting structure o Although a fungus cannot move its underground mycelium grows rapidly adding hyphae that mingle with organic matter o As a mycelium