Do fungi, such as mushrooms, need sunlight to live?NO. hey do not do photosynthesis like plants do.They fee on autotrophs and so need indirect sunlight at the ecosystem level.Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotesThere are over 200,000 identified speciesFungi decompose dead organismsDecomposers break down large molecules and absorb the resulting small moleculesPresence of the structural polysaccharide, Chitin, in their cell walls.Slime Mold is not a fungi!Unlike fungi, slime molds do not have chitin in their cell walls and they can move!They are Kingdom ProtistaThe plasmodial Slime mold is ONE cell with millions of cell nucleiBack to real fungiBelow the ground, fungi bodies consist of a mycelium that digests food.Above ground, mushrooms produce spores or reproductionBoth parts are made of fibers called hyphae.Fermentation is necessary for food and alcohol production3 requirements for fermentation:Presence of fungi or bacteriaAbsence of oxygenPresence of an organic moleculeSpeed of fermentation depends on temperature.Products of fermentation include: Vitamins, Hormones, Antibiotics, Enzymes, Alcohol and Food.The starting compounds and the type of fungus vary, resulting in varying products of the reaction.Fungi usually reproduce without sexSingle celled yeasts reproduce asexually by buddingIn some fungi, specialized cells on the underside of the mushrooms cap produce spores that contain a single (haploid) set of chromosomes.Less commonly, fungi reproduce sexuallySome species of fungi can join hyphae to form diploid cells.These diploid cells then divide to produce genetically distinct haploid spores.Groups of Fungi: 1. Shelf Fungi1. Shelf Fungi— mostly inedible due to toughness.2. Jelly Fungi— Rubbery, seaweed like mushrooms.3. Club and coral FungiLichens — Fungi living symbiotically with cyanobacteria or algaeThe fungus protects the partner from dying out and shades them from strong sunlightCyanobacteria and algae perform photosynthesis and some molecule synthesis for the fungus.The evolution of plants and fungi is interconnected.Together, fungi and plant roots form a symbiotic association called mycorrhizaeThe fungus provides the plant with water and minerals absorbed from the soil.The plant provides sugars as nourishment for the fungus.What makes a plant a plant?Plants are eukaryotes with unique adaptations for survival on land.Around 500 mya, ancestral plants began to evolve adaptations for survival on dry land.A Plant is a terrestrial multicellular eukaryote that conducts photosynthesis.What characteristics do most plants have?Cell wall, MulticellularAbility to photosynthesize (all plants)Fixed in a place, land dwellingAlternation of generations life cycle- some plants have 2 diferent free-living phases that don’t look the same.Plant cells work together to form tissues.Two of the most important tissues in plants are xylem and phloem.Plant Tissues join to form organsSeveral types of plant tissues that work together to carry out a particular function are considered an organA leaf is a plant organ for photosynthesis, it contains xylem and phloem tissues.Other plant organs include roots and stems.Plants thrive in terrestrial environments because they have roots and shoots.The roots of a plant anchor it in the soil, absorb water and minerals, transport nutrients to other parts of the plant, and store food.Seedless Vascular plantsFerns are most common.Have fluid transport system- xylem and phloemCant reproduce without waterComplex life cycle.Vascular tissue was an important evolutionary adaptation.Nearly all plants (except for bryophytes) have vascular tissuePhloem primarily transports sugarsPhloem contains living cells that transport sugars from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plants.Phloem sap always flows from a sugar source to a sugar sink.Xylem primarily transports water and minerals from the roots.Xylem is made of dead cells acting as tiny pipes.Xylem sap is moved through the plant body via transpiration.Water evaporates into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems, pulling up more water from the roots.Higher plants have traits that help them to thrive better on landGymnosperms and AngiospermsPollenSeedsAngiosperms onlyFlowersFruitPollen — an important adaptationPollen protects sperm from drying out.Pollen helps sperm get to female flower.Pollen tube grows into the ovary to let sperm swim to egg – INTERNAL FERTILIZATION.Importance of SeedsEmbryo is protected by seed coatWon’t dry outMay not be eatenSeed contains food for the embryo and for the “baby” plant or seedling until leaves and roots developGymnosperms: Advantages over ferns and mosses.Can live in dry habitat because of pollen and seeds – internal fertilizationSmall leaves conserve waterSome conifers have internal antifreeze – advantage over angiospermsAngiosperms: The champs of the plant kingdomFlowers and Fruit give angiosperms advantage over gymnospermsFlowers aren’t always prettyFruit can’t always be eatenCompetitive advantages of angiospermsSome Flowers attract pollinatorsPollination is more efficientFruit protects seeds and disperses seedsBroad leaves capture more sunlightMost angiosperms let leaves drop to conserve water and heatFlowering plants can be groped into three categories based on life spans.Annuals grow for one season.Biennials grow for two seasons.Perennials grow for many seasons.Plants can grow in length.Meristem tissue at the tips of roots and stems enables a plant to grow in length.This is called primary growth.Plants can grow in thicknessEach year, meristem tissues produce new layers of cells, and old cells die.Over the years, the layers accumulate to form wood.Growth rings are the boundary pattern between spring and summer cells and can be used to estimate tree age.BIO 101 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Three Domains of lifeII. BacteriaIII. Antibacterial SoapsIV. ArchaeV. BiofilmsVI. ProtistaOutline of Current Lecture II. FungiIII. FermentationIV. Groups of FungiV. LichensVI. Plants VII. PhloemVIII. XylemIX. pollenCurrent Lecture Do fungi, such as mushrooms, need sunlight to live?- NO. hey do not do photosynthesis like plants do.- They fee on autotrophs and so need indirect sunlight at the ecosystem level. Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes- There are over 200,000 identified species- Fungi decompose dead organisms- Decomposers break down large molecules and absorb the resulting small molecules- Presence of the structural