BIO 101 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I II III IV V VI Three Domains of life Bacteria Antibacterial Soaps Archae Biofilms Protista Outline of Current Lecture II Fungi III Fermentation IV Groups of Fungi V Lichens VI Plants VII Phloem VIII Xylem IX pollen Current Lecture Do fungi such as mushrooms need sunlight to live NO hey do not do photosynthesis like plants do They fee on autotrophs and so need indirect sunlight at the ecosystem level Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes There are over 200 000 identified species Fungi decompose dead organisms Decomposers break down large molecules and absorb the resulting small molecules Presence of the structural polysaccharide Chitin in their cell walls Slime Mold is not a fungi Unlike fungi slime molds do not have chitin in their cell walls and they can move o They are Kingdom Protista The plasmodial Slime mold is ONE cell with millions of cell nuclei These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Back to real fungi Below the ground fungi bodies consist of a mycelium that digests food Above ground mushrooms produce spores or reproduction Both parts are made of fibers called hyphae Fermentation is necessary for food and alcohol production 3 requirements for fermentation o Presence of fungi or bacteria o Absence of oxygen o Presence of an organic molecule Speed of fermentation depends on temperature Products of fermentation include Vitamins Hormones Antibiotics Enzymes Alcohol and Food The starting compounds and the type of fungus vary resulting in varying products of the reaction Fungi usually reproduce without sex Single celled yeasts reproduce asexually by budding In some fungi specialized cells on the underside of the mushrooms cap produce spores that contain a single haploid set of chromosomes Less commonly fungi reproduce sexually Some species of fungi can join hyphae to form diploid cells These diploid cells then divide to produce genetically distinct haploid spores Groups of Fungi 1 Shelf Fungi 1 Shelf Fungi mostly inedible due to toughness 2 Jelly Fungi Rubbery seaweed like mushrooms 3 Club and coral Fungi Lichens Fungi living symbiotically with cyanobacteria or algae The fungus protects the partner from dying out and shades them from strong sunlight Cyanobacteria and algae perform photosynthesis and some molecule synthesis for the fungus The evolution of plants and fungi is interconnected Together fungi and plant roots form a symbiotic association called mycorrhizae The fungus provides the plant with water and minerals absorbed from the soil The plant provides sugars as nourishment for the fungus What makes a plant a plant Plants are eukaryotes with unique adaptations for survival on land Around 500 mya ancestral plants began to evolve adaptations for survival on dry land A Plant is a terrestrial multicellular eukaryote that conducts photosynthesis What characteristics do most plants have Cell wall Multicellular Ability to photosynthesize all plants Fixed in a place land dwelling Alternation of generations life cycle some plants have 2 diferent free living phases that don t look the same Plant cells work together to form tissues Two of the most important tissues in plants are xylem and phloem Plant Tissues join to form organs Several types of plant tissues that work together to carry out a particular function are considered an organ o A leaf is a plant organ for photosynthesis it contains xylem and phloem tissues o Other plant organs include roots and stems Plants thrive in terrestrial environments because they have roots and shoots The roots of a plant anchor it in the soil absorb water and minerals transport nutrients to other parts of the plant and store food Seedless Vascular plants Ferns are most common Have fluid transport system xylem and phloem Cant reproduce without water Complex life cycle Vascular tissue was an important evolutionary adaptation Nearly all plants except for bryophytes have vascular tissue Phloem primarily transports sugars Phloem contains living cells that transport sugars from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plants Phloem sap always flows from a sugar source to a sugar sink Xylem primarily transports water and minerals from the roots Xylem is made of dead cells acting as tiny pipes Xylem sap is moved through the plant body via transpiration Water evaporates into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems pulling up more water from the roots Higher plants have traits that help them to thrive better on land Gymnosperms and Angiosperms o Pollen o Seeds Angiosperms only o Flowers o Fruit Pollen an important adaptation Pollen protects sperm from drying out Pollen helps sperm get to female flower Pollen tube grows into the ovary to let sperm swim to egg INTERNAL FERTILIZATION Importance of Seeds Embryo is protected by seed coat o Won t dry out o May not be eaten Seed contains food for the embryo and for the baby plant or seedling until leaves and roots develop Gymnosperms Advantages over ferns and mosses Can live in dry habitat because of pollen and seeds internal fertilization Small leaves conserve water Some conifers have internal antifreeze advantage over angiosperms Angiosperms The champs of the plant kingdom Flowers and Fruit give angiosperms advantage over gymnosperms Flowers aren t always pretty Fruit can t always be eaten Competitive advantages of angiosperms Some Flowers attract pollinators o Pollination is more efficient Fruit protects seeds and disperses seeds Broad leaves capture more sunlight Most angiosperms let leaves drop to conserve water and heat Flowering plants can be groped into three categories based on life spans Annuals grow for one season Biennials grow for two seasons Perennials grow for many seasons Plants can grow in length Meristem tissue at the tips of roots and stems enables a plant to grow in length This is called primary growth Plants can grow in thickness Each year meristem tissues produce new layers of cells and old cells die Over the years the layers accumulate to form wood Growth rings are the boundary pattern between spring and summer cells and can be used to estimate tree age