ON TEST: no short answer. Multiple choice and fill in the blank.Only need pencil.Will not be tested on ionic and covalent bonding.Not everything in homework will be tested over.Study of the animal body involves two related topics:Anatomy Structure and organizationPhysiology  how the body worksFocus QuestionsHow do animal body structures reflect their functionsHow do animals regulate their internal environment?How does homeostasis work?Big Themes in BiologyCompartmentalization—Internal environment that is different from the outside environment.MSU Example: Business DepartmentCells are compartments that can specializeExamples: Brain cells don’t do the same thing as other cells.Homeostasis—System to detect changes in internal and external environments AND to respond to these changes in order to maintain balance.MSU Example: Faculty meetings, testing, security systems, taking roll, technology, residence halls.Organization of animal bodies:Cell — smallest unit of organization in all organismsTissues— Group of cells that share similar structure and functionOrgan— Group of tissues that perform specialized functionsOrgan System— Group of organs that work together to accomplish one or a few, usually related physiological functions.In Multicellular organisms, one cell doesn’t do it all, because we have specialization, we can grow more.Division of labor and specialization.Different Animal TissuesConnective tissueComposed of cells interspersed throughout a matrixProvides structure and support, anchors cell, and regulates communication between cellsEpithelial TissueComposed of cells that cover and line most surfaces of animal bodiesForms the skin and the lining of the lungs, digestive tract, and blood vesselsMuscle TissuesComposed of cells that can contractGenerates movement, pumps fluid, and moves substancesNervous TissueComposed of specialized cells that send and receive electrical signalsStores and transmits information.Epithelial tissue covers most interior and exterior surfaces of the body.The surface of your skin.Epithelium plays multiple roles in organisms. Three of its most important functions are protection, transport, and secretion.Muscle tissue enables movementNerve tissue2 types of ells:1. Neurons:Transmit a signal2. Glial Cells:Take care of the neurons by providing nutrition, structure, and protection.Identify the systemWhich system works to support the body and to move it?Which systems work to exchange material with the external environment?Which systems work to transport materials throughout the body and to defend the body against invasion?Which systems work to control and coordinate the body’s function in order to maintain homeostasis?Which system has the primary responsibility for producing offspring.11.3 Animals internal environment remains relatively constantYour body exchanges chemicals and energy with the environmentEven though the environment is variable, your body maintains nearly constant internal conditions.11.3 Animal bodies tend to maintain relatively constant internal conditions.The tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is called homeostasisHomeostasis is most commonly maintained by negative feedback, or less commonly, positive feedback.As the muscles start moving, and that’s what make you shiver, your muscles start moving they are converting chemical energy into heat energy which brings your temperature up.Homeostasis does not just refer to temperature.It is important to note that while some groups of organisms, called regulators, maintain homeostasis for a certain variable.other organisms, called conformers, may have no set point for that variable, and the variable may fluctuate with external changes.Osmoregulators — organisms that maintain their fluids and solute concentrations within narrow ranges that differ from those of their environment.11.3 HomeostasisNegative feedback is a form of regulation in which the result of a process inhibits that very process.Positive feedback is a form of regulation in which the results of a process intensify that same process.Are these examples of negative or positive feedback?Blood clots: A damaged blood vessel releases chemicals that attract platelets, which pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed. Positive feedback.Thirst During exercise: Your body uses water in cellular process and sweats to cool itself. Negative feedback.Blood Glucose levels: Eating causes blood glucose levels to rise. In response, the pancreas releases insulin. If glucose levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon, previously stored as glycogen, into the bloodstream. Negative feedback.Food is processed in a series of stages.Mechanical Digestion is the use of physical processes to break down food into smaller pieces.Chemical Digestion is the use of enzymes to perform hydrolysis, chemical reactions that use water to break bonds within large molecules.Project Wet Cell SongHydrolysis DescribedWith water my cells can create things.Cells also need water to break things,You might wonder what must be broken,It’s food that’s too big for my cellsOh, break down, break down, break downThe food into tiny pieces!O, break down, break down, break downthe food for my cells.Dehydration Synthesis describedThe food in my cells are the makingsOf hormones and enzymes I needTo help me to grown and to functionBut without water these wont be madeOh, make up, makeupWater helps cells make these chemicals.Make up, makeupMakeup these things that we need.11.4 After Digestion food molecules are absorbed and waste is eliminatedAbsorption is the uptake of these small nutrient molecules, primarily by the cells that line extensive folds in the small intestine.Elimination is the disposal of undigested matter from the body.11.5 The alimentary canal starts at your mouthThe mouth, also called the oral cavity, is the site of ingestionAt the pharynx, the epiglottis moves to cover the entrance to the trachea, directing food down the esophagus.11.5 The stomach has elastic folds and can stretch out.Food moves through the esophagus to the stomach via muscle contractions called peristalsis.Cells lining the stomach secrete gastric juice, containing enzymes (such as pepsin).11.5 Most digestion occurs in the small intestineChemical digestion is completed within the small intestineWithin the colon, the main portion of the large intestine, water is absorbed.Remaining waste is formed into feces and stored in the rectum.11.5 Waste, as