Improper diets can cause significant health problemsObesityContributes to type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.MalnutritionCaused by a diet that lacks sufficient calories or essential nutrientsEating disordersAnorexia nervosa and bulimia can cause nutrient deficiencies and death.Diet is very importantFour categories of essential Nutrients.Minerals— elements required to maintain healthVitamins— an organic nutrient required in your diet, but only in very small amounts.Essential fatty acids— Required to build several important lipid based moleculesEssential amino acids— required to build proteins.StructuralHair, fingernails, feathers, horns cartilage, tendons.ProtectiveHelp fight invading microorganisms, coagulate bloodRegulatoryControl cell activity, constitute some hormonesContractileAllow muscles to contract, heart to pump, sperm to swimTransportCarry molecules such as oxygen around your body.RegulatoryControl cell activity, constitute some hormonesContractileAllow muscles to contract, heart to pump, sperm to swimTransportCarry molecules such as oxygen around your body.EnzymesBreaks down the milk sugar lactoseProtein functions are influenced by their three-dimensional shape.Proteins are very specialized due to their complex shapes.Primary structureSecondary structureThe coiling or bending of the polypeptide into sheets is referred to the proteins secondary structure. alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet are the basic forms of this level. They can exist separately or jointly in a protein.Tertiary StructureThe folding back of a molecule upon itself and held together by disulfide bridges and hydrogen bonds. This adds to the proteins stability.Quaternary StructureComplex structure formed by the interaction of 2 or more polypeptide chains.Negative feedback is a form of regulation in which the result of a process inhibits that very process.Positive feedback is a form of regulation in which the results of a process intensify that same process.Blood clots: A damaged blood vessel releases chemicals that attract platelets, which pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed. Positive feedback.Thirst During exercise: Your body uses water in cellular process and sweats to cool itself. Negative feedback.Blood Glucose levels: Eating causes blood glucose levels to rise. In response, the pancreas releases insulin. If glucose levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon, previously stored as glycogen, into the bloodstream. Negative feedback.Bio 101 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide AnswersBio 101 Study Guide:Describe the properties of life common to all living things:1. Must be able to reproduce own kind.2. Must grow and develop.3. Must use and expel energy4. Must consist of cells5. Must respond to the environment.6. Must evolve. Differentiate among the hierarchical levels of biological organization studied by biologists:(From Biggest to Smallest)1. Biosphere— Consists of all life on earth and all of the environments that support life. 2. Ecosystem— Includes all the living organisms in one particular area as well as nonliving components of life such as soil, air and sunlight.3. Community— consists of all the interacting populations of organisms occupying an ecosystem. 4. Population— Group of interacting individuals of one species.5. Organism— Individual living being. 6. Organ system— group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function.7. Organ— consists of multiple tissues that cooperate to perform a specific task8. Tissue— an integrated group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function9. Cell— fundamental unit of life10. Organelle— component of the cell that performs a specific function11. Molecule— group of atoms bonded together12. Atom— fundamental unit of matter. It is the smallest unit of an element capable of displaying the properties of that element.Outline the basic methodologies used by scientists to investigate the natural world:- Scientists use the Scientific Method as a rough recipe for discovery. - Scientific Method:ObservationQuestionHypothesisPrediction ExperimentResultsConclusion- Discovery Science— When scientists make verifiable observations, take careful measurements and gather data. Provides data that can be used to describe the natural world. - Hypothesis— Proposed explanation for an observation (DIFFERENT FROM A THEORY!!)- Theory— Much broader in scope than a hypothesis. It is much more comprehensive, it has not been shown false, and it already explains a great many observations. Describe the basic structure and components of atoms and reactions essential to life:- Atoms are composed of subatomic particleso Composed of Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons. - Neutrons and Protons Have about equal mass and are located in the nucleus at the center of theatom.- The number of protons in an atom determines its chemical element.- Electrons have very little mass and orbit the nucleus at high speeds. - Reactions essential to life include Hydrogen bonds that are important in the structure of water Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biologically important organic molecules:- The four Biologically important organic molecules are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.- Every organic compound contains a carbon skeleton (which can vary in length and branching pattern)- Every organic compound has a carbon skeleton, but most also contain one or more functional groups (Sets of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton)- These functional groups participate in chemical reactions, they often determine the overall properties of an organic compound.Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions as processes of metabolism:- Hydrolysis Reaction— Chemical reaction in which macromolecules are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers. Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration reaction. Polymers can be broken down into monomers that make themup via hydrolysis. - Dehydration Synthesis Reaction— Chemical reaction in which a monomer is joined to another monomer or polymer, forming a larger molecule and releasing a molecule of water. - Metabolism— sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body. o Digestive system breaks down the macromolecules you eat into monomers that make them up