Bio 101 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Answers Bio 101 Study Guide Describe the properties of life common to all living things 1 Must be able to reproduce own kind 2 Must grow and develop 3 Must use and expel energy 4 Must consist of cells 5 Must respond to the environment 6 Must evolve Differentiate among the hierarchical levels of biological organization studied by biologists From Biggest to Smallest 1 Biosphere Consists of all life on earth and all of the environments that support life 2 Ecosystem Includes all the living organisms in one particular area as well as nonliving components of life such as soil air and sunlight 3 Community consists of all the interacting populations of organisms occupying an ecosystem 4 Population Group of interacting individuals of one species 5 Organism Individual living being 6 Organ system group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function 7 Organ consists of multiple tissues that cooperate to perform a specific task 8 Tissue an integrated group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function 9 Cell fundamental unit of life 10 Organelle component of the cell that performs a specific function 11 Molecule group of atoms bonded together 12 Atom fundamental unit of matter It is the smallest unit of an element capable of displaying the properties of that element Outline the basic methodologies used by scientists to investigate the natural world Scientists use the Scientific Method as a rough recipe for discovery Scientific Method Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Results Conclusion Discovery Science When scientists make verifiable observations take careful measurements and gather data Provides data that can be used to describe the natural world Hypothesis Proposed explanation for an observation DIFFERENT FROM A THEORY Theory Much broader in scope than a hypothesis It is much more comprehensive it has not been shown false and it already explains a great many observations Describe the basic structure and components of atoms and reactions essential to life Atoms are composed of subatomic particles o Composed of Neutrons Protons and Electrons Neutrons and Protons Have about equal mass and are located in the nucleus at the center of the atom The number of protons in an atom determines its chemical element Electrons have very little mass and orbit the nucleus at high speeds Reactions essential to life include Hydrogen bonds that are important in the structure of water Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biologically important organic molecules The four Biologically important organic molecules are Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins and Nucleic Acids Every organic compound contains a carbon skeleton which can vary in length and branching pattern Every organic compound has a carbon skeleton but most also contain one or more functional groups Sets of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton These functional groups participate in chemical reactions they often determine the overall properties of an organic compound Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions as processes of metabolism Hydrolysis Reaction Chemical reaction in which macromolecules are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration reaction Polymers can be broken down into monomers that make them up via hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis Reaction Chemical reaction in which a monomer is joined to another monomer or polymer forming a larger molecule and releasing a molecule of water Metabolism sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body o Digestive system breaks down the macromolecules you eat into monomers that make them up Hydrolysis Then your cells use these monomer building blocks to construct new polymers Dehydration Describe in specific terms the forms and functions of the four classes of biologically important molecules 1 Carbohydrates includes sugars and large molecules made from sugars a Common source of dietary energy for animals and a structural component of plants b Ex Cellulose Glucose 2 Lipids a All lipids are hydrophobic b Phospholipids help regulate the passage of material into and out of the cell c Cholesterol helps maintain fluidity in the cell membrane it is also used to synthesize important lipid hormones 3 Protein a Each protein has a unique structure and shape that allows it to perform a specific function b Function of proteins is to transport defend structure movement and enzymes c The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its overall shape and its function If you change the amino acid sequence you may alter the ability of the protein to perform its normal task 4 Nucleic Acids a DNA is a nucleic acid that serves as the hereditary material of all life on earth b RNA is a nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and other parts of the cell It is found in all types of cells Discuss the importance of proper nutrition and problems associated with nutritional imbalances Improper diets can cause significant health problems o Obesity Contributes to type 2 diabetes cancer and cardiovascular disease o Malnutrition Caused by a diet that lacks sufficient calories or essential nutrients o Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa and bulimia can cause nutrient deficiencies and death Diet is very important o Four categories of essential Nutrients Minerals elements required to maintain health Vitamins an organic nutrient required in your diet but only in very small amounts Essential fatty acids Required to build several important lipid based molecules Essential amino acids required to build proteins Identify reactants and products in a chemical equation C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O 6CO2 Reactants Products Identify the major organic compounds proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates that are found in living systems and identify their dietary sources 1 Carbohydrates a Bread 2 Lipids a Oils 3 Protein a Fish meat eggs 4 Nucleic Acids a Beef Eggs mushrooms Explain why each of the four major categories of organic molecules carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins is required for living systems 1 Carbohydrates They are the source of energy 2 Lipids Cholesterol helps maintain fluidity in the cell membrane it is also used to synthesize important lipid hormones 3 Protein Structural Protective Control cell activity constitute some hormones Contractile Help fight