BIO 101 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I Introduction to Biology Outline of Current Lecture II Diets III Matter and Energy IV Biological Molecules a Where are they Current Lecture Diet what I choose to eat A fundamental concept All organisms require matter and energy for growth and maintenance of cells o Need it because we are still growing o Body is killing cells and new cells are being made What is matter How is an atom different from a molecule Atom is something that can not be broken down into something with the same properties Molecule When two atoms are put together they are bonded Matter and Energy NOT THE SAME Can you consume matter without consuming energy that is useful for your metabolism o Yes These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Your body doesn t make energy o Body takes the food that you eat breaks it apart and then converts the energy o You cannot get energy from water o One calorie is the amount of energy it takes to raise a gram of water one degree o A calorie is energy If it says 0 calories its 0 energy that your body can get from it Do atoms contain energy that is useful for your metabolism o NO o Body does not do nuclear reactions Body only combines atoms in different ways and breaks them apart o Energy is contained in the bonds between atoms in Biological molecules are much more complex than molecule in non living things Biological molecules are only made by living organisms in nature o Organic molecules all contain Carbon skeleton Variations in carbon skeletons including Length Branching double bonds and rings Some hydrogen atoms Where are biological Molecules Food labels Calories are not a molecule they are a unit of energy Fat is a biological molecule Saturated Fat is a biological molecule Cholesterol is a biological molecule Carbohydrates are biological molecules Fiber is a biological molecule Sugars are a biological molecule Protein is a biological molecule Main types of biological molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins nucleic acids Two ways organisms make organic molecules Combine single atoms one by one o Inefficient Preassemble smaller molecules and bond them together when needed Carbohydrates C H and O Primary fuel for organisms Cell structure ose ending means it s a carbohydrate Glucose Most carbohydrates ultimately converted into glucose Blood sugar When you eat a candy bar you are eating mostly simple sugars If you eat a candy bar while you are watching a movie how will your body utilize those sugars The sugars will likely be stored as glycogen or fat Not all carbs are digestible Chitin o Structure of shell Cellulose o Structure of plant cells o Fiber Lipids are fatty acids Fat molecules contain much more stored energy than carbohydrate molecules Saturated and Unsaturated Fats Number of bonds in the hydrocarbon chain in a fatty acid Health considerations Trans fats are the healthier unsaturated fats o They are healthy fats made into unhealthy fats Technology helps food taste better but not be healthier Hydrogenation is the artificial addition of hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated fat A lipid that is not a fat is a sterol Phospholipids explain why oil and water don t mix o They are the Ziploc bags of your body o Because of phospholipids your body makes containers They make up the compartments that hold waste in a cell Take home message Cholesterol and phospholipids are lipids that are not fats Both are important components in cell membranes Cholesterol serves as a precursor to steroid hormones important regulators of growth and development Proteins are versatile macromolecules that serve as building blocks They are structural protective regulatory contractile and transportive Proteins are not a good place to store energy Proteins are complex and specialized Amino acids Twenty different kinds Unique combinations of 20 amino acids give rise to proteins the chief building blocks of physical structures that make up all organisms