A few non scientific explanations of the diversity of living thinsDefinitions according to Webster’s dictionaryCreationism— A theory holding that matter, the various forms of life, and the world were created by God out of nothing.Scientific Creationism— A theory holding that the biblical account of creation is supported by scientific evidence.Intelligent Design— The theory that matter, the various forms of life, and the world were created by a designing intelligence.Which of these are pseudoscience?Scientific CreationismIntelligent DesignIntelligent Design According to the Discovery Institute“Intelligent design theory states that certain features of the natural world are of such complexity that the most plausible explanation is that they are products of an intelligent cause rather than random mutation and natural selection. Supporters of the theory say the nature of the intelligent cause is outside the scope of the theory.”“The intelligent design movement seeks to allow a non natural explanation into science. By altering the definition of science, they seek a playing field where the supernatural can have scientific meaning.”MutationsMutations are not developed in response to a change in the environment.Mutations do not develop because the organism needs them to surviveThe same mutation may be harmful or helpful or neutral for survival under different environmental conditions.Mutations are random.Sickle celled anemia: Example of mechanisms of change in allele frequenciesSickle cells hold less oxygen than normal cells. Disease is painful and can be fatal.How could such a harmful mutation persist in a population?Natural SelectionAn organism that is SELECTED FOR is one that is born with the phenotypic traits that allow it to survive and reproduce in its environmentAn organism that is SELECTED AGAINST is born with phenotypes that do not allow it to survive and reproduce in its environmentOrganisms cannot biologically adapt to their environment after they are born.Reasoning using Evolutionary Theory— case studyInitial populationMost Florida cockroaches liked the sugar in Combat but a few had a mutation for the dislike of sugar.Natural Selection ProcessThe majority of roaches that liked sugar were killed. The mutant roaches survived and reproduced.Resulting PopulationIn the urban areas of Florida where Combat was used, the majority of roaches have the mutated gene for dislike of sugar.Trait selected Against: Liking of sugarTrait selected for : Dislike of sugar.Antibiotic ResistanceInitial PopulationSome bacteria that will be killed by antibiotics and some bacteria that will not be killed by antibiotics.Natural Selection ProcessUse of antibiotics. Antibiotic Resistance bacteria survive.Resulting PopulationThe majority of the bacteria are antibiotic resistantTrait selected Against: vulnerability to the antibioticsTrait selected for: resistance to the antibiotics.Case StudyInitial PopulationLarge, four legged animals that eat leaves on treesNatural Selection ProcessThe ones with long necks surviveResulting Population:Large, four legged animals that eat leaves on trees and have very long necks in proportion to their bodies.Trait selected for: having a longer neckTrait Selected against: having a short neckEvolution FactsEnvironmental change is randomExtinction occurs naturally, but fairly slowly in most cases.Human activities can increase the rate of extinction.Colorblindness: A population genetics exampleTotal colorblindness from birthFrequency of mutated allele in populations1 in 30,000 people in human population1 in 12 people on Pingelap IslandTHINK ABOUT IT: How did this happen?It is not a sex-linked trait.Simple dominance/ recessivenessBIO 101 1nd Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture II. What is a species?III. Species conceptIV. Common Descent with modificationV. SpeciationVI. PolyploidyVII. Convergent evolution Outline of Current Lecture VIII. CreationismIX. Intelligent DesignX. MutationsXI. Natural SelectionXII. Case StudyXIII. Evolution FactsCurrent Lecture A few non scientific explanations of the diversity of living thins- Definitions according to Webster’s dictionary- Creationism— A theory holding that matter, the various forms of life, and the world were created by God out of nothing.- Scientific Creationism— A theory holding that the biblical account of creation is supported by scientific evidence.- Intelligent Design— The theory that matter, the various forms of life, and the world were created by a designing intelligence.- Which of these are pseudoscience?o Scientific Creationismo Intelligent DesignThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Intelligent Design According to the Discovery Institute- “Intelligent design theory states that certain features of the natural world are of suchcomplexity that the most plausible explanation is that they are products of an intelligent cause rather than random mutation and natural selection. Supporters of the theory say the nature of the intelligent cause is outside the scope of the theory.”- “The intelligent design movement seeks to allow a non natural explanation into science. By altering the definition of science, they seek a playing field where the supernatural can have scientific meaning.” Mutations- Mutations are not developed in response to a change in the environment.- Mutations do not develop because the organism needs them to survive- The same mutation may be harmful or helpful or neutral for survival under different environmental conditions. - Mutations are random.Sickle celled anemia: Example of mechanisms of change in allele frequencies- Sickle cells hold less oxygen than normal cells. Disease is painful and can be fatal.- How could such a harmful mutation persist in a population? Natural Selection- An organism that is SELECTED FOR is one that is born with the phenotypic traits that allow it to survive and reproduce in its environment- An organism that is SELECTED AGAINST is born with phenotypes that do not allow it to survive and reproduce in its environment- Organisms cannot biologically adapt to their environment after they are born.  Reasoning using Evolutionary Theory— case study- Initial population o Most Florida cockroaches liked the sugar in Combat but a few had a mutationfor the dislike of sugar.- Natural Selection Processo The