BIO 101 1nd Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture II What is a species III Species concept IV Common Descent with modification V Speciation VI Polyploidy VII Convergent evolution Outline of Current Lecture VIII Creationism IX Intelligent Design X Mutations XI Natural Selection XII Case Study XIII Evolution Facts Current Lecture A few non scientific explanations of the diversity of living thins Definitions according to Webster s dictionary Creationism A theory holding that matter the various forms of life and the world were created by God out of nothing Scientific Creationism A theory holding that the biblical account of creation is supported by scientific evidence Intelligent Design The theory that matter the various forms of life and the world were created by a designing intelligence Which of these are pseudoscience o Scientific Creationism o Intelligent Design These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Intelligent Design According to the Discovery Institute Intelligent design theory states that certain features of the natural world are of such complexity that the most plausible explanation is that they are products of an intelligent cause rather than random mutation and natural selection Supporters of the theory say the nature of the intelligent cause is outside the scope of the theory The intelligent design movement seeks to allow a non natural explanation into science By altering the definition of science they seek a playing field where the supernatural can have scientific meaning Mutations Mutations are not developed in response to a change in the environment Mutations do not develop because the organism needs them to survive The same mutation may be harmful or helpful or neutral for survival under different environmental conditions Mutations are random Sickle celled anemia Example of mechanisms of change in allele frequencies Sickle cells hold less oxygen than normal cells Disease is painful and can be fatal How could such a harmful mutation persist in a population Natural Selection An organism that is SELECTED FOR is one that is born with the phenotypic traits that allow it to survive and reproduce in its environment An organism that is SELECTED AGAINST is born with phenotypes that do not allow it to survive and reproduce in its environment Organisms cannot biologically adapt to their environment after they are born Reasoning using Evolutionary Theory case study Initial population o Most Florida cockroaches liked the sugar in Combat but a few had a mutation for the dislike of sugar Natural Selection Process o The majority of roaches that liked sugar were killed The mutant roaches survived and reproduced Resulting Population o In the urban areas of Florida where Combat was used the majority of roaches have the mutated gene for dislike of sugar o Trait selected Against Liking of sugar o Trait selected for Dislike of sugar Antibiotic Resistance Initial Population o Some bacteria that will be killed by antibiotics and some bacteria that will not be killed by antibiotics Natural Selection Process o Use of antibiotics Antibiotic Resistance bacteria survive Resulting Population o The majority of the bacteria are antibiotic resistant o Trait selected Against vulnerability to the antibiotics o Trait selected for resistance to the antibiotics Case Study Initial Population o Large four legged animals that eat leaves on trees Natural Selection Process o The ones with long necks survive Resulting Population o Large four legged animals that eat leaves on trees and have very long necks in proportion to their bodies o Trait selected for having a longer neck o Trait Selected against having a short neck Evolution Facts Environmental change is random Extinction occurs naturally but fairly slowly in most cases Human activities can increase the rate of extinction Colorblindness A population genetics example Total colorblindness from birth o Frequency of mutated allele in populations 1 in 30 000 people in human population 1 in 12 people on Pingelap Island THINK ABOUT IT How did this happen o It is not a sex linked trait Simple dominance recessiveness