Pumpkin seedsDo they have biological Molecules?Enormous biological molecules in them.Are they alive?It has the potential to grow.Are vitamins and minerals biological molecules?Vitamins are organic moleculesMinerals are inorganic moleculesProteins are versatile macromolecules that serve as building blocks.Protein diversity:StructuralHair, fingernails, feathers, horns cartilage, tendons.ProtectiveHelp fight invading microorganisms, coagulate bloodRegulatoryControl cell activity, constitute some hormonesContractileAllow muscles to contract, heart to pump, sperm to swimTransportCarry molecules such as oxygen around your body.Proteins are an essential dietary component.GrowthRepairReplacementMost individuals need 40-80 grams of protein per day.As we eat protein and break it down into its parts through digestion, our bodies are collecting the amino acids needed for various building projects.Protein needs are higher for those who want to achieve the extensive muscle growth. Pregnant woman also need more protein.Can you eat too much protein?YES.Excess protein is converted into fat.Excess protein makes your kidneys work harder.Red meat, pork, poultry, and seafood average 6-9 grams of protein per ounceA serving of meat is about the size of the palm of your hand.3 ounce chicken breast has about 20 grams of protein.Seeds and nuts contain on average 4-8 grams of protein per quarter cupCooked beans average about 7-8 grams per half cupEggs contain about 6-8 grams of protein per egg.Most vegetables contain about 1-2 grams of protein per ounce.Take home Message:8 of the 20 amino acids are essential amino acids and cannot be made by the body, so must be consumed in the diet.Complete proteins contain all 8 essential amino acids, while incomplete proteins do not.Protein functions are influenced by their three-dimensional shape.Proteins are very specialized due to their complex shapes.Primary structureSecondary structureTertiary StructureQuaternary StructureProteins are formed by linking individual amino acids together with a peptide bond, in which the amino group of one amino acid is bonded to the carboxyl group of anotherEgg whites contain much proteinWhy does beating them change their texture, making them stiff?Extreme environment (heat, pH) disrupts protein shape and function.Take-home MessageThe particular amino acid sequence of a protein determines how it fold into a particular shape.This shape determines many of the protein’s features, such as which molecules it will interact with.When a protein’s shape is deformed, the protein usually loses its ability to function.Enzymes make chemical reactions happen faster.It is the speed of the chemical reactions that allow them to be alive.Some reactions cant happen without them.Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions.Enzymes can help to bring about chemical reactions in a variety of ways. The enzyme lactase breaks down the milk sugar lactose into two simple sugars that can be used for energy.Each enzyme has an active site that is perfect fit for its substrate.An enzyme can help to bring about the reaction in a variety of ways. These include:1) By stressing, bending, or stretching critical chemical bonds, increasing their likelihood of breaking.2) By directly participating in the reaction, perhaps temporarily sharing one or more electrons with the substrate molecule, thereby giving it chemical features that increase its ability to make or break other bonds.3) By creating a microhabitat that is conducive to the reaction. For instance, the active site might be a water-free, nonpolar environment, or it might have a slightly higher or lower pH than the surrounding fluid. Both of these slight alterations might increase the likelihood that a particular reaction occurs.4) By simply orienting or holding substrate molecules in place so that they can be modified.Enzymes are very choosy. They bind only with their appropriate substrate molecules, much like a lock that can be opened with one key.Why do some adults get sick when they drink milk? Are they allergic to milk?Lactose intolerance.Even a slight alteration to an enzyme’s active site can disrupt its functioning. If the enzyme lactase is not built just right, an individual cannot digest milk properly, a condition called lactose intolerance.Take Home Message:Enzymes are proteins that help make and speed up chemical reactions.They aren’t permanently altered in the process but rather can be used again and again.Enzymes in your lifeMeat TenderizerContains enzymes called proteases (breakdown proteins)Contact lens solutionContains proteases (breakdown proteins)In your tears there are proteins, those proteins can build on your contact lenses. If you just use saline, it doesn’t work as well.Spot removers for laundryContains proteases (Breakdown proteins)Contains lipases (breakdown lipids).Enzymes only work in a narrow range of environmental conditions.Hot water can help the enzymes in your laundry detergent work but temperatures that are too high can destroy enzymes.Cooking an egg destroys (denatures) the proteinHigh fever can kill a person.The level of acidity is critical to enzyme functioningSome digestive enzymes work in the acid environment of the stomachOther digestive enzymes, ex. Pancreatic amylase, need a more basic environment, so it is secreted into the small intestine.Salt concentration is also critical to enzyme functioning.Severe dehydration can alter salt concentrations and denature enzymes.Salting meat to make jerky denatures enzymes.Alcohol Metabolism and EnzymesAcetaldehyde is a poison that is used to make plastics and tanning of leather. Similar to formaldehyde. Effects on the body:1. Dehydration2. Damage to the liver.3. Premature aging.Problems with alcohol metabolismAlcohol intolerance is genetic, caused by the inability to make the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase.Many people of Chinese, Korean and Japanese descent lack this enzyme.40-60% of vulnerability to addiction is genetic.Alcohol addiction is not the same as alcohol tolerance.BIO 101 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. DietsII. Matter and EnergyIII. Biological Moleculesa. Where are they?Outline of Current LectureIV. Proteins a. Can you eat too much?b. FunctionsV. Enzymes and their functionsa. Enzymes in your lifeVI. Alcohol Metabolism and EnzymesCurrent Lecture Pumpkin seeds- Do they have biological Molecules?o Enormous biological molecules in them. - Are they alive?o It has the potential to grow. Are