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MSU BIO 101 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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Connective tissueComposed of cells interspersed throughout a matrixProvides structure and support, anchors cell, and regulates communication between cellsEpithelial TissueComposed of cells that cover and line most surfaces of animal bodiesForms the skin and the lining of the lungs, digestive tract, and blood vesselsMuscle TissuesComposed of cells that can contractGenerates movement, pumps fluid, and moves substancesNervous TissueComposed of specialized cells that send and receive electrical signalsStores and transmits information.RecyclingRecycles fluid and proteins that diffuse from the blood capillaries during circulation back into the bloodstreamFighting IllnessAs lymph circulates through the body, white blood cells packed lymph nodes remove dangerous materials, including bacteria, cancer cells, and viruses from the body.Retrieving NutrientsLittle projections that extend into the small intestine absorb lipids from the digestive tract and shuttle them to the bloodstream.Neuron Structure (3 parts)Dendrites: Bring information into the cell body (input)Cell Body: Integration happens.Axon: Carries impulses away from the cell body (output)Hypothalamus — Control center of the endocrine systemPituitary — Receives signals from the hypothalamusParathyroid glands— Help regulate blood calcium levelsThyroid gland— Regulates oxygen consumption, metabolism, blood calcium levels, and body temperature.Pancreas— Regulates blood glucose levels through the secretion of hormones,Adrenal glands — Regulate metabolism and responses to stress. Fight or Flight system.Testes and ovaries — Growth and development, promote sexual characteristics, and regulate reproduction.Dendrites: Bring information into the cell body (input)Cell Body: Integration happens.Axon: Carries impulses away from the cell body (output)SweetSourSaltyBitterUmami (savory)Olfaction— two options for detection of airborne chemicals in the nasal epithelium:Nasolfaction— detection of volatile airborne chemicalsVomerolfaction— detection of non-volatile chemicalsOften used in chemical communication between members of a species.Nervous systemElectrical and chemical signalsRapid response, short duration of actionSignals stay in the systemOnly target cells are affectedEndocrine systemChemical signalSlower response, long duration of actionSignals sent through circulatory systemCells through the body may be affectedAsexual Reproduction— New individuals whose genes all come from one parent without the fusion of egg and sperm.Advantages of Asexual ReproductionEnables animals living in isolationCreate numerous offspring in a short amount of time.Would be the most advantageous in stable, favorable environments.Some animals alternate the reproduction between asexual and sexual modes.Sexual Reproduction— the creation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote (fertilized egg)DiploidOvum: Female Gamete- usually large and nonmotileSpermatozoon: Male gamete- usually small and motileSexual reproduction may enhance the reproductive success.Fission — The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size.Fission is essentially cloning themselves.Budding— New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones.Certain tunicates and cnidariansThe offspring may either detach or remain joined.Fragmentation and regenerationThe breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into complete adults.Each individual has both male and female reproductive systemsSessile— organism can’t move.Although some hermaphrodites fertilize themselves, most mate with a member of the same species.Advantages:More adaptable to the environmentsEach hermaphroditic mating can result in twice as many offspring as from a male-female mating.Sequential Hermaphroditism— An individual reverses its sex during its lifetime.Contains Several Parts:HeadChemical to dissolve egg gooDad’s genetic information (DNA)Body with MitochondriaEnergyTailSwimmingMulticellular (eukaryotic)Heterotrophic— eats other organismsRapid response to stimuliMost able to reproduce sexuallyTrends in Digestive SystemsNo digestive system— all digestion within cells. Phylum PoriferaBlind Sac — Gastrovascular cavity.Single opening is mouth and anus.Phylum cnidarian and PlatyhelminthesOpen-tube—Efficient, one way, separate mouth and anusAll other animalsNone: Molecules move through diffusionPorifera (Sponges)CnidariaPlatyhelminthesNematodaEchinodermataOpen: Some blood vessels, but blood also surrounds the internal organs.ArthropodaMolluscaCrustaceaClosed: Blood is only in the blood vessels and in the pump (Heart)AnnelidaEndoskeletonChordatesPoriferaEchinodermsExoskeletonArthropodsNo SkeletonPlatyhelminthesHydrostatic SkeletonAnnelidsMolluscaNematodaCnidariaShells are only for protectionExoskeletons are protective, but they are also supportiveMuscles are attached to the exoskeletonHydrostatic SkeletonWater inside the body supports the tissues of the organismWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of having an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton?ExoskeletonAdvantages: Protective from predators.Disadvantages: you have to be smallBIO 101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6 – 101. **Thought question: How would your digestive system function differently if you didn’t have compartments in your body?2. Be able to recognize the function of each type of human tissue.- Connective tissue - Composed of cells interspersed throughout a matrix- Provides structure and support, anchors cell, and regulates communication between cells- Epithelial Tissue- Composed of cells that cover and line most surfaces of animal bodies- Forms the skin and the lining of the lungs, digestive tract, and blood vessels- Muscle Tissues- Composed of cells that can contract- Generates movement, pumps fluid, and moves substances - Nervous Tissue - Composed of specialized cells that send and receive electrical signals- Stores and transmits information. 3. What is the relationship between being unhealthy and homeostasis?- Homeostasis is the way your body regulates temperature and other functions of your body. Being unhealthy is not the same as homeostasis. 4. What two things are required for a body to continue to be in homeostasis?5. How is the basic function of the nervous system different from the basic function of the endocrine system?- Endocrine system— consist of several endocrine glands and other tissues that make and secrete hormones. The


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