BIO 101 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture II Proteins a Can you eat too much b Functions III Enzymes and their functions a Enzymes in your life IV Alcohol Metabolism and Enzymes Outline of Current Lecture V What is athletic cheating VI How are steroids abused by athletes VII How do athletes cheat to increase their endurance VIII How is human growth hormone abused by athletes IX What might the future of athletic cheating be like Current Lecture Gaining an unfair advantage over others Performance enhancement can create unfair advantages but it does not necessarily equate to rule breaking Six broad classes of performing enhancing drugs Narcotics help to mask pain For example a runner who doesn t want a nagging ankle injury to slow her down might take narcotics to help her run through the pain Examples of abused narcotics are morphine and oxycodone 1 Stimulants act on the central nervous system to speed up parts of the brain They increase blood pressure and heart rate Stimulants enhance performance by reducing tiredness and increasing alertness and aggressiveness Adrenaline is an example of a stimulant naturally made by the human body cocaine caffeine and amphetamines are examples of stimulants that are misused to artificially create a similar effect These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 2 Beta blockers are the opposite of stimulants They lower blood pressure and slow heart rate to aid relaxation Nerves can ruin a performance For example a steady arm is needed in a precise sport like archery In one study of pistol shooters researchers found that beta blockers improved performance by 13 because of reduced hand tremors Examples of beta blockers are propranolol and atenolol 3 Endurance enhancers increase the ability of muscles to sustain repeated contractions over time To work for an extended time muscle cells require good oxygen supplies Most methods that increase endurance do so by increasing the number of red blood cells the cells specialized to transport oxygen 4 Examples of endurance enhancers are erythropoietin and blood transfusions 5 Muscle builders build muscle mass and may thereby increase strength Examples of muscle builders are human growth hormone and anabolic steroids 6 Diuretics increase urine production from the kidneys For a sport such as wrestling where weight categories are important a diuretic might be used to lose water weight before a match Some athletes misuse diuretics to help flush other banned drugs from their system Producing more urine helps to rid the body of the substances more quickly Pause and review What function do hormones have in the body o Hormones are longer acting It is a long progress How do molecules travel into individual cells o If they are steroid hormones which are made of lipids they can just go right into individual cells because they are also made of lipids Transport proteins are shaped uniquely for the molecules they function with Anabolic Steroids affect Muscle growth They increase muscle mass Mimic the body s natural testosterone causes male embryos to develop male reproductive parts Steroids that mimic testosterone have modifications from the four ring structure of testosterone but retain similar biological function As new chemistry techniques become available the different possibilities of modification to the chemical structure are endless Experiment Effect of Testosterone on muscles Muscle mass can increase when the number of fibers increases or when fiber size increases The experiment detailed shows that testosterone leads to an increase in size of muscle fibers What muscle characteristics do anabolic steroids affect Effect on strength o Have been shown to increase muscle mass and strength in muscle groups that are being trained during steroid use Effect on endurance o Enhance bursts of activity but not endurance activities Detecting anabolic steroids with mass spectrometry Using mass spectrometry substances found in an athlete s urine can be compared to known anabolic steroid compounds Designed to evade detection Admitted use of a designer steroid known as the clear Designer steroids are more difficult to detect but newer techniques to detect steroids can look more broadly for categories of similar molecules rather than for specific molecules Pause and review When you exercise you breathe more heavily your pulse heightens and parts in stress may start to turn red How are respiratory circulatory and muscular systems related How is oxygen transported to muscles What is the difference between positive and negative feedback systems Endurance requires substantial oxygen transfer to contracting muscles Low oxygen Stimulates red blood cell production Red blood cells are produced when oxygen levels in the tissues are low production ceases when tissue oxygen levels are normal again Erythropoietin from the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow Three Kinds of Blood Doping EPO raises hematocrit levels o raises the hematocrit the percentage of the volume of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells so EPO can also be thought of as a blood thickener In the early 1990s close to 20 European cyclists died sudden deaths suspected to be caused by EPO abuse Compounding the dangers of EPO is dehydration which lowers the volume of fluid in the blood thickening the blood even more Reliable urine tests can now detect the artificial use of EPO by athletes but new biosimilars chemical modification but similar biological function are now being developed to evade detection Blood Transfusions o can be performed between a donor of the same blood type and an athlete termed homologous transfusion or from one s own blood that has been stored termed autologous transfusion Testing for homologous transfusions is possible because the donor red blood cell surface markers are different from the athlete s red blood cell surface markers Synthetic oxygen carriers o are proteins or chemicals that mimic the capacity of hemoglobin to carry oxygen in the blood They carry similar cardiovascular risks as synthetic EPO and can be reliably detected in drug tests Pause and Review What happens to your breathing in higher altitudes What happens to oxygen availability at high altitudes Human growth hormone Location of the HGH and pituitary o Human growth hormone HGH is a protein hormone produced by the pituitary that affects