LINGUIS 100 1st Edition Lecture 9How do we know where to put spaces in between words in writing systems?-Hand, handsome, handy-doing, undone, doable-brightness, brighten, brighter-What do these words mean to each other and how can we break them apart to look at the element of these words-If we add things to these words, we change their meaning. Is this systematic?a. What do the terms ‘hand’ ‘do’ and ‘bright’ mean?b. What is the -s doing? It shows us that it is plural.c. What does the -y in handy do? Changes the word from a noun into an adjectived. In english, we don’t add a space when we add these things.MorphologyLooking at words and looking at the meaning components of wordsa. prefixesb. suffixesc. rootsMorphemes- are the parts of the words that carry meaningExamples: Hand: hand-s, hand-y, hand-someWhen we apply this to languages across the world, we will see that there are differenceswith this concept across languages a. The parts of words that carry meaning are morphemes (the s, y, and some in hand) b. Dr. Pattillo is disagreeing with the word some being attached to the word hand as having some meaningc. Handsome is just one word and is not like the other examples: hands and handyExamples of Morphemes:-s-y-ingun--able-ness-en-erun is the only one with the dash after the morpheme, which means it is a prefix, whereas the rest are suffixes Try to isolate the units of the meanings (morphemes) in the following English words:-dogs -doable -helpless-unlucky -Delaware -personifications-sneeze -educational -recharge-lampshade -recommendable -unthinkable-unicycle -bidirectionalLook at this list and try to break down the morphemes in these words-We can describe them by saying they are the behavior of language -We can put them in different places and group them in where they go -Some morphemes may only be used with other morphemes in a worda. -ing -ed -s im- ex- -uni. We would never write these as single words in English, they always have to be attached to something else. ii. Bound Morphemes- morphemes that have to attach or bind to something else iii. Free Morphemes- can make up a word all on their own; we can also think of them as a stem that carries a lot of meaning to it1. What is it that you add prefixes and suffixes to? You add them to a stem2. Example: Underwhelmed, overwhelmed (cannot just have whelmed by itself) Stems may receive affixes: suffixes and prefixes -If we allow affixation to the right of the stem then we call this a suffix-If we add it to the left of the stem or before this is a prefix-Other languages add an affix to both the left and right sides of the stem and this is a circumfix-Inside the stem is an infixHow do we use an affix and when?-What it is that these morphemes do and how they contribute meanings to wordsa. Their function- if the morpheme changes the grammatical category, then these are derivational morphemes i. noun, verb, adjective, adverbii. An example of this is hand into handyiii. Changing the grammatical category or the part of speech b. Grammatical function:i. tense, plurality, possession, comparatives, person ii. inflectional morphemes -Change things like tense- walk to walked- /s/ at the end of the word boy changes things from singular to plural iii. Endings in conjugated polish verbs like mówić into it’s conjugated forms adds suffixes that imply meaning and who is doing the action of the verbHow else to languages vary?-Vary in how many morphemes they want to havea. some languages will have 10 or more affixes added, or may only allow for stems with one affix added to iti. Agglutinated languages- these languages like to like glue affixes on the stemii. Isolating- the affixes are not put together often in one word, but are more often isolated and broken down into numerous morphemes that resemble words (a stem without bound morphemes) 1. Weger is agglutinating as a languages and only has suffixes2. Hungarian is another language that is agglutinating 3. Isolating languages would be Chinese4. English is somewhere in the middleEnglish Plurals Rule: to make something plural in English add -s-cat, rabbit, hip, rake, bookBut what about fish, child, goose, ox, or man?a. There is more than one plural morpheme in Englishi. There is more than one way to show plurality in Englishii. Conditioned by the word b. allomorphs- cannot have more than one in the same place, and something about what isalready there that conditions what applies i. Different words require different plural morphemes ii. Example is when you say dogs the /gs/ sound is more of a /z/ sound than the g and s sound independently put together How do Allomorphs work in Different Languages? More than one variation of a morpheme-Can be something very different about some words than other, but still have agreement from singular to plural words Exam Preparation Next week in discussion sections, we will be reviewing so first look at the review document posted on D2LHomework for the Week: Chapter Morphology- Only do questions 1-3 in Study QuestionsFor next week, read chapter called Grammar instead of syntax (chapter 7 instead of