Linguis 100 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study GuideVocabulary- know the definitions and examples for the following:linguisticsgrammar- The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences in a language and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences phonology-the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language morphology- literally means “the study of forms.” It was originally used in biology. It is used to describe the type of investigation that analyze all those basic “elements” used in a languagesyntax- literally means “a putting together” or “arrangement.” The underlying rule system that we use to produce or “generate” sentencesIPA- INternational Phonetic Alphabet- symbols of this alphabet can be used to represent both the consonant and vowel sounds of English words and what physical aspects of the human vocal tract are involved in the production of those soundsconsonants- man of the symbols used to describe consonant sounds will be familiar; a speech sound produced by restricting the airflow in some wayplace of articulation- The terms used to describe many sounds are those that denote a specific spot in the mouth where sound is made (place of articulation)manner of articulation- Difference between sounds that are pronounced in the same place of articulation, but are pronounced differently (manner of articulation)voicing- Air pushed out of the lungs up through the trachea (or windpipe) to the larynx. This is where your vocal folds (or vocal chords) are, which either take a voiced or voiceless position. stop- in producing this consonant, we block the airflow briefly, and then let it go abruptly [p], [b], [t], [k], [d], [g] fricative- almost block the airflow and force it through a narrow gap, creating a type of friction; voiceless forms: [f], [ᶿ], [s], [h], etc. voiced: [v], [z], etc.nasal- velum raised, preventing airflow from entering the nasal cavityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.vowels- sounds produced with a relatively free flow of airvowel height- sound is made with the front part of the tongue in a raised position (lip) rounding- shaping of the lips to make a certain sound; usually in this case the lips form a sort of circle or round shape to produce the soundfront vs. back vowel- sound of a vowel being made in the front part of the tongue versus the back part; this phenomenon can be associated with high and low vowels as well and example words are: hit, hat, heat, hotphoneme- meaning- distinguishing sounds in a language; when we use to learn alphabetic writing systems, we are usually learning to use phonemes as wellallophone- when we have a set of phones, all of which are the same, we all -allo- to the beginning of the phone to indicate that this phoneme, though it is only one, can be pronounced in a number of different ways minimal pair- when two words such as pat and bat are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme, occurring in the same positionprescriptive approach to language- an attempt to explain things how they are and not how we wish themto be when the topic is language related as it is heredescriptive approach to language- when we take this approach, we try to find things that are not necessarily systematic in one’s brain- i.e. things that people insert in language and in talking that they do not think about when thinking of and forming a thought or sentencestress- the emphasis that a language puts on certain syllables, words, phrases, or whole sentences that isnot coincidental, and are quite purposeful; however, stress is not something that can or is necessarily taught- rather it (in most cases) just happens as a result of learning a language pitch accent- the effect of vibration in the vocal folds, making voices sound lower or high, rising or falling;used to express emotion tone- a way to show emphasis, and convey and contrast certain features in a voice (intonation); not all languages use a tonal system when determining facets of the language writing system- the symbolic representation of language through the use of graphic signs (the entire system is the compilation of these signs).logogram- the relationship between the written form and the object it represents has become arbitrary and we have a clear example of thisrebus writing- a process used in writing in which a pictorial representation of an object is used to indicate the sound of the word for that objectsyllabary- partially syllabic writing system alphabet- is a set of written symbols, each one representing a single type of sound or phonemegrapheme- the smallest possible contrastive unit in a writing system phonological writing system- symbols are adopted to represent the sounds of the words non-phonological writing system- symbols do not have much or any relation to the sounds of the word, and there is not connection of meaning to symbols of writing system affix- the bound morpheme such as un- or -ed added to a word prefix- a bound morpheme added to the beginning of a wordsuffix- a bound morpheme added to the end of a wordagglutinating language- words are made up of a linear sequence of distinct morphemesisolating language- low morpheme to word ratio; each word contains a single morpheme allomorph- when we find a group of different morphs all versions of one morpheme we use the prefix -allo- and describe them as allomorphs of that morpheme bound morpheme- a morpheme such as un- or -ed that cannot stand alone and must be attached to another form free morpheme- a morpheme that can stand by itself as a single wordBasic constituent order- most nominative and accusative languages that have a major word class and order that include subject and object are considered to be this SOV- Subject Object VerbSVO- Subject Verb Objectsubject- the grammatical function of the noun phrase typically used to refer to someone or something performing the action of the verbobject- whatever is receiving the action of the sentence or the noun in the place after the verb in english adposition- cover term for prepositions and postpositions preposition- a word such as in or with used with a noun phrasepostposition- a word or morpheme placed after the word it governs; -ward in homewardBe prepared to explain main points from course content focusing on the following big