LINGUIS 100 1st Edition Lecture 6ReviewPhonology is the study of the parts and order of sounds 1. Which Sounds Are in a Language?-Exame words for consonants and vowels2. Where can sounds occur?-Can occur at beginning or end- depending on what language-Difference in languages with where sounds can occur3. How Do Sounds group with Other Sounds?-Trying to Say Wisconsin and test this by tapping on a desk- 3 beats. -If try to change your beat, it would be really difficult because syllables are ingrained in your mind-Languages vary as to where they have consonants and how many syllables are generally in their words4. Open and Closed Syllables-Open ends with vowel-Closed ends with consonant5. Phonemes- What forms can sounds take?-If the difference in change of sound, makes a difference in meaning, then we say that they are two different phonemes, and if not then we say that it is an allophone 6. Allophones-Sometimes languages have two or more sounds that are one phoneme -If you have one sound with puff of air, but then take the puff away, that doesn’t change the meaning of the word for us-What does it mean to have the same environment? PIcking up with Allophones (from Monday)The difference in what your tongue is doing with /l/ sound in shoulder versus the word leather mattersHow Else do Languages Vary by Sound Patterns?-Tone (pitch pattern)- Lexical, grammatical- Lexical Tone: Thai- Lexical tone means that if you change the pitch, you change the meaning word all together- high, mid, or low tone of the same sound/ word will change the meaning of that word- Stress languages are common in: Africa (Ekegusi, Yoruba), Southeast Asia (Thai, Chinese, Hmong), North America (Navaho), Mexico and Central America ( Mixtec)English is a Stress Language-Loudness, duration, higher pitch, emphasis-You have to memorize which syllables get high or more emphasis than others-English: emphasis, syllable, linguistics-Initial Stress: stress on the first syllable -Ultimate stress: stress on the last syllable-Penultimate stress: stress on the second to last syllable-If you look across languages, stress is different in each (as we see above)-Initial and Penultimate (second to last syllable is stressed) are the most common-Stress languages are common in Australia, Europe, The MIddle East, South AmericaExample: Saying these names: Alabama, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois and decidingwhere the stress is placed on each -Alabama- Penultimate-Iowa- Initial-Illinois- FinalEnglish Lexical Stress:-English Grammatical Stress:-Produce-Refuse-Present-Invalid-Subject-RecordSay the above words and see where the stress falls- initial, penultimate, or final-If I want to say words are nouns, they would get initial stress, but I want to say them as verbs, then they would get penultimate stressPitch Accent (kind of like tone)-Only happening at the word level, which means there will only be a few words that havethis in each language-For example, if you raise voice at end of question, but because we are not a tome language we do not have a lot of examples of this-Found in Norwegian, Japanese, Ainu, Oneida, and other languages -Words that seem like they are the same, but their tone is different, and that makes the difference in the meaning-Own native speakers sometimes cannot hear the difference in differing words and sounds-Lip rounding is essential in making distinction between sounds- especially with i versus y sounds in other languages, like Norwegian and