Linguistics 100 Exam 1 reviewLinguistics: the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semanticsGrammar: parts and order of language: sounds, words, sentences.Phonetics “how sounds are made in the vocal tract” How the brain interprets sounds (phonology)-phonology: how sounds are represented in the brain. The study of the parts and order of sounds in language. Morphology: study of the parts and order of words. Prefixes, suffixes, roots.Morphemes: are the parts of words that carry meaning. Ex: Hand- hand-s, hand-y, hand-someSyntax: the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.IPA: International Phonetic AlphabetConsonants: sounds that obstruct airflowArticulation “making sounds”-place of articulation: Where is the obstruction in the vocal chord? Lips (bilabial)b/w teeth (interdental)behind teeth (alveolar)middle of mouth (velar)near dangly thing (uvular)-manner of articulation: how air obstructed in the vocal tract. voicing: spread apart (no vibration)=voiceless. Drawn together(vibration)=voiced.Stop: completely obstructedFricative: mostly obstructedNasal: detours (liquid, glide)vowels: sounds that don’t obstruct airflowvowel height: how high is the body of the tongue? High, mid, low(lip) rounding: are the lips round or flat? Rounded, unroundedfront vs. back vowel: How far back is the body of the tongue?Phoneme: mental representation of a soundWhere one sound starts and stopsAllophone: sometimes languages have two or more sounds that are one phoneme. Two vibrations never occur in the same place.prescriptive approach to languagedescriptive approach to languagestress: Loudness, duration, higher pitch, emphasisInitial stress: stress on the first syllableUltimate stress: stress on the last syllablePenultimate stress: stress on the second to last syllablepitch accent: word level onlyfound in Norwegian, Japanese, Ainu, Oneida and other languagestone: (pitch pattern)lexical, grammaticalwriting system: the symbolic representation of language through the use of graphic signs. Created by speakers, and is learned. They first developed in…Sumerian Cuneiform (Iraq)Chinese (china)Mayan (Mexico)Ancient Egyptian HieroglyphsLogogram: objects (logographic)IdeogramsLogogramscharacterssyllabary: open syllable=ends in vowel. Closed syllable=ends with a consonant.Alphabet: a set of written symbols, which each represents a single type of sound.phonological writing system: sounds (phonetic)RebusSyllabaryalphabetnon-phonological writing systemaffix: all other patters of stemsWhat kinds of meaning to affixes contribute to words?-grammatical category=noun, verb, adj., adverb Derivational Morphemes-grammatical function=tense,plurality,possession, comparatives, person Inflectional morphemesprefix: to the left of the stemsuffix: to the right of the stemagglutinating language: a stem with many bound morphemesisolating language: a stem without bound morphemesallomorph: a plural morpheme in English not using an –s. Ex: fish, child, goose, ox, manbound morpheme: when morphemes are used with other morphemes in a word. Ex: -ing, -ed, -s, im-, ex-, -unfree morpheme: morphemes are used alone in a word. Ex: live, dog, lamp, shade, direct, thinkStems= carries the most meaning. Underwhelmed, overwhelmed *whelmedBasic constituent order: NP (noun phrase) or VP (verb phrase)SOV: subject, object, verbSVO: subject, verb, objectSubject: person or number agreement on the finite verb.Object: the entity that is acted upon by the subject.adposition: preposition and postposition together (in, under, towards, before)preposition: comes before its complement. English has this like in, under, of.Postposition: comes after its complement. England has this like under the table, of jane.Consonant cluster: group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. Ex: SplitsSound inventory: sounds in a languageWhere sounds are in a languageWhere do these sounds occurHow do the sounds group with othersRight branching/left branchingBe prepared to explain main points from course content focusing on the following big questions: What is the field of linguistics? What kinds of things do linguists study? How does human language differ from animal communication?How are speech sounds made? In what ways do they differ from each other?How is an IPA chart organized? What information is shown with each symbol?What types of writing systems exist? How do they differ from each other?How do languages vary in phonology?How do languages vary in morphology? How do languages vary in syntax? Which words must be in a sentence, where words may appear in a sentence, which words may be in a sentence.  Reflexivity – think about language Displacement- past and future Arbitrariness- form isn’t related to meaning Productivity- open endedness Cultural transmission- learn the language of exposure Duality- language made up of sounds &