LINGUIS 100 1st Edition Lecture 13Exam PrepRemember to bring a Number 2 pencil, and she also put a bonus question on the exam, just so that you are aware. Closed notes, so do a lot of prep work.Abstract concepts help us communicate language, and contribute to the study of linguistics which essentially separates us from other types of language- we have the ability to think about language, where as animals do not, nor do computers have this ability-Language is arbitrary and you have to learn the association between these things and it is different across languages-Grammar- two different approaches: a. prescriptive- don’t end a sentence with a preposition; you should say please when you have a request (things to make your language sound better)b. descriptive- what we have done in this class; what languages do in their grammar; in this language you have to end the sentence with a verb; can’t end a word with a consonant in (insert language here). - IPA Chart- one side there is a rectangle of consonants, and on the other side you have a vowel chart- looking at this, you can see if I see this symbol I can figure out where in the mouth is is made (place of articulation) and also what you are doing in your vocal tract to restrict airflow (manner of articulation)- What are your vocal chords doing? Are they open or closed? You can also tell this by looking at the chart - Consonant Chart- The place of articulation- The manner of articulation - Voiced or Voiceless- Vowel Chart- High or low - Where the tongue is - Can look at vowel pairs and tell which one is rounded and which is not rounded- Word Pairs (Review definitions or Phonemes and Allophones)- In Ukrainian- Having the same phonological environment of a word, except one difference in phoneme- what is this called?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- The little “j” in the words we looked at made a difference in the word and made them separate phonemes- Sometimes we will find a word with two variations but are not allophones (free variation)- If you had two different environments, with different sound but the meaning is the samethen we have an allophoneLooking at examples from other languages in conjunction with test questions:a. Data:i. [palu]ii. [ku:ba]iii. [spalube]iv. [sku:babe]v. [spalulu]vi. [sku:balu]b. Consonant cluster [spalube] or [sku:babe] i. The /sp/ and the /sk/ c. Open or closed syllable? i. Open because they both end in a voweld. Does it have prefixes or suffixes? Yes but no infixese. Inflectional morpheme- when you have a word like was and look it up in the dictionary, you will not find the word in some languages because it is a form of a another word, or in this case it is often the conjugated form of the verb to beIsolating versus Agglutinating- When same stem is there but there are suffixes, prefixes, or another affix is added is an example of agglutinating What is the difference between grammar and syntax?Syntax is a part of grammar- we can talk about the sounds, morphemes, or the sentence structure, word order as well. What is the difference between a phonological system or non-phonological writing system?Same symbol with the same meaning and have all of these different pronunciations- the symbol represents a word but not the sound of the word- this is a non-phonological writing system; each symbolrepresents the pronunciation of a symbol and this is a phonological writing systemMorphology- -Looking at the part and the order of the words-love-ly the -ly must come after the stem, it cannot come before the stem, which is love-Where as syntax discusses how number words work together and their order-All of this put together is