Linguis 100 1st Edition Lecture 16Current LectureHow Languages are Related to Each Othera. Indo-European Treei. Italic1. French2. Italian3. Portuguese4. Romanian5. Spanish6. Galicianii. Anatolian1. Hittiteiii. Germanic1. Dutch2. Frisian3. English4. Yiddish5. Danish6. Swedish7. Norwegianiv. Tocharian1. Tocharianv. Celtic1. Irish Gaelic2. Scottish Gaelic3. Welshvi. Hellenic1. Ancient Greek2. Modern GreekDifferent Branches of this chart (what I have here is a limited view in summary of what the chart looks like1. As people became isolated from each other, their languages changed2. We know at least 152 language families a. The largest language family is Niger-Congob. Africa is not that linguistically diverse- languages are related to each other across countries 3. Comparing languages- we would find similarities in vocabulary (if they are in the same family likeEnglish and GermanThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. What would have existed thousands of years ago for people to develop a basic vocabulary with words for everything things involved in their lives Examples:a. houseb. manc. land5. At some point English speakers came in contact with Celtic speakers and they borrowed words and adopted them to their native language (this happens often with many words in many languages- does not just have to be between English and Celtic) How contact influences languagea. Languages change in their meaning i. They can both become simpler and more complexii. An example of English becoming more simple over time is the varying you’s in old englishforming into one common youb. Why do languages change?i. Things are invented and things change to create new words ii. grammar changes as well1. What do you say differently than what your parents said or say2. What do you say now that you didn’t say ten years agoc. Comparative reconstructioni. Linguists who work on historical languages try to research and study what languages might have been like thousands of years ago ii. Around the great lakes, vowels and their pronunciations are changing right nowd. Systematic- Language change is regular and predictable i. We cannot say that a change will happen or when it will happen, but we do now if a change happens, how it will happene. Oxford English Dictionary i. etymology- the history of a wordii. For example: the word guy comes from old French and then spread to other romance languages1. When did this word first start occurring in print?2. There are different and complex histories to words depending on what time, culture, and country it is influenced by as it changes iii. Words change, and its regular and predictable f. Sound Changesi. Example: p and f soundsii. Must be words that have been around for a good thousand years to compare languages and their words. iii. From latin to Italian we switch k sound to