LINGUIS 100 1st Edition Lecture 3Language- Universal phenomenonPhonetics- how speech sounds are made in the vocal tractPhonology- How the sounds are represented in the brainHow we pay attention to some things (sounds), but not othersArticulation- making sounds Consonants- sounds that obstruct airflowVowels- sounds that don’t obstruct airflow→ All of these are in all languages→ All languages have consonants and vowels, but some require some in certain place of words, while others arrange them differently Here we looked at a slide of a mouth and the parts of it that obstruct airflow versus those that do not ConsonantsThree features:- voicing- place of articulation - manner of articulationVoicing-What are the vocal chords doing?→ Spread apart (no vibration) voiceless→ drawn together ( vibration) voiced -Is this sound voiced or voiceless?→ Are vocal chords vibrating or not vibrating These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-v sound versus f soundWhere is there an obstruction in the vocal tract?-lips (bilabial)- between the teeth (interdental)-behind the teeth (alveolar)-the middle of the mouth (velar)-near the dangly thing at the back of your mouth (uvular)→ These are all places of Articulation *Example Test Question:Which of the following is a place of articulation?(She would then ask this as a multiple choice question and suppose the options were:a. alveolarb. uvularc. interdentald. all of the aboveThen your answer would clearly be D)Manner of Articulation -How air is obstructed in the vocal tract- completely obstructed (stop)- mostly obstructed (fricative)- detours (nasal, liquid, glide)→ sound and air can go around tongue → Example:L sound → Right/ left handed more air coming out of that side of tongueSounds:-Way to measure sound waves as you talk- zoom in on each individual sound→ testing variation Symbols for Sounds-More than one way to spell a sound→ kick, nephew-More than one sound to a letter → gh: cough, hiccough, thought, night…-IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet→ Series of symbols- more than one symbol for having one sound→ Sometimes in writing systems we need 2 symbols to show one sound How is a Sound Made?-Same sound, but many different symbols that form it depending on how put together without symbols→ for the most part, if there is one symbol in box on chart, it is probably voices, but not always (one exception on the chart) - The above refers to the chart in the lecture notes that was presented in this lecture. You can findit on D2L and it is recommended that you print it- You do not have to memorize the chart, just have to know how it works **Retroflect- Nasal-tongue curled over so bottom of it is touching top of mouth- tongue flipped upside downConsonant Trivia-p, t, k = most common consonants- some languages have sounds made by sucking in air- click sounds= Southern Africa- Nasal congestion- funny voice when you get a