LINGUIS 100 1st Edition Lecture 9 How do we know where to put spaces in between words in writing systems Hand handsome handy doing undone doable brightness brighten brighter What do these words mean to each other and how can we break them apart to look at the element of these words If we add things to these words we change their meaning Is this systematic a What do the terms hand do and bright mean b What is the s doing It shows us that it is plural c What does the y in handy do Changes the word from a noun into an adjective d In english we don t add a space when we add these things Morphology Looking at words and looking at the meaning components of words a prefixes b suffixes c roots Morphemes are the parts of the words that carry meaning Examples Hand hand s hand y hand some When we apply this to languages across the world we will see that there are differences with this concept across languages a The parts of words that carry meaning are morphemes the s y and some in hand b Dr Pattillo is disagreeing with the word some being attached to the word hand as having some meaning c Handsome is just one word and is not like the other examples hands and handy Examples of Morphemes s y ing un able ness en er un is the only one with the dash after the morpheme which means it is a prefix whereas the rest are suffixes Try to isolate the units of the meanings morphemes in the following English words dogs doable helpless unlucky Delaware personifications sneeze educational recharge lampshade recommendable unthinkable unicycle bidirectional Look at this list and try to break down the morphemes in these words We can describe them by saying they are the behavior of language We can put them in different places and group them in where they go Some morphemes may only be used with other morphemes in a word a ing ed s imex un i We would never write these as single words in English they always have to be attached to something else ii Bound Morphemes morphemes that have to attach or bind to something else iii Free Morphemes can make up a word all on their own we can also think of them as a stem that carries a lot of meaning to it 1 What is it that you add prefixes and suffixes to You add them to a stem 2 Example Underwhelmed overwhelmed cannot just have whelmed by itself Stems may receive affixes suffixes and prefixes If we allow affixation to the right of the stem then we call this a suffix If we add it to the left of the stem or before this is a prefix Other languages add an affix to both the left and right sides of the stem and this is a circumfix Inside the stem is an infix How do we use an affix and when What it is that these morphemes do and how they contribute meanings to words a Their function if the morpheme changes the grammatical category then these are derivational morphemes i noun verb adjective adverb ii An example of this is hand into handy iii Changing the grammatical category or the part of speech b Grammatical function i tense plurality possession comparatives person ii inflectional morphemes Change things like tense walk to walked s at the end of the word boy changes things from singular to plural iii Endings in conjugated polish verbs like m wi into it s conjugated forms adds suffixes that imply meaning and who is doing the action of the verb How else to languages vary Vary in how many morphemes they want to have a some languages will have 10 or more affixes added or may only allow for stems with one affix added to it i Agglutinated languages these languages like to like glue affixes on the stem ii Isolating the affixes are not put together often in one word but are more often isolated and broken down into numerous morphemes that resemble words a stem without bound morphemes 1 Weger is agglutinating as a languages and only has suffixes 2 Hungarian is another language that is agglutinating 3 Isolating languages would be Chinese 4 English is somewhere in the middle English Plurals Rule to make something plural in English add s cat rabbit hip rake book But what about fish child goose ox or man a There is more than one plural morpheme in English i There is more than one way to show plurality in English ii Conditioned by the word b allomorphs cannot have more than one in the same place and something about what is already there that conditions what applies i Different words require different plural morphemes ii Example is when you say dogs the gs sound is more of a z sound than the g and s sound independently put together How do Allomorphs work in Different Languages More than one variation of a morpheme Can be something very different about some words than other but still have agreement from singular to plural words Exam Preparation Next week in discussion sections we will be reviewing so first look at the review document posted on D2L Homework for the Week Chapter Morphology Only do questions 1 3 in Study Questions For next week read chapter called Grammar instead of syntax chapter 7 instead of 8