POLI SCI 106 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Theories of Democratic Consolidation2. Actor-Based Theories3. "Shock-Therapy" Model4. Institutional Theories5. Example: Central and Eastern Europe6. Structural Theories7. Transition in Central -Eastern Europe8. Road to Membership I9. Accession Criteria I10. Accession Criteria II11. Accession Criteria to "Conditionality"12. Road to Membership IIOutline of Current Lecture 1. Three Types of Non-Democratic Regimes2. Totalitarian Regimes3. Sultanistic Regimes4. Authoritarian Regimes5. Maoism6. Despite End of Maoism7. Party-State 1: Guardianship8. Party-State II: The "Mass Line"Current Lecture - China IThree Types of Non-Democratic Regimes:- Linz, Juan: "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes"- all non-democratic- other than that very different- totalitarian, sultanistic, authoritarianTotalitarian Regimes:- power monopoly- power concentrated in hands of individual or small group- ruler(s) not accountableThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- ruler(s) cannot be dislodged from power by institutionalized, peaceful means- strong ideology-basis of legitimacy-provides meaning, historical purpose, interpretation of social reality-goal: "remake" society/mankind- mass mobilization - active mobilization for citizen participation-passive obedience and apathy = undesirable-vehicle of mobilization: single mass party and closely affiliated organizations- other characteristics - political violence = widespread and systematic- ex. USSR, esp. under Stalian-ideology: Marxism-Leninism-power monopoly-power concentrated in hands of one or very few members of CP-mobilization - CP key to mass mobilization; society supposed to actively participate in building communismSultanistic Regimes:- tyrannical, arbitrary rule by individual and close followers- power monopoly - see "totalitarianism"- no ideology, little effort of legitimation- mobilization - no organized participation- other characteristics - pursues private, not collective goals; ex. personal wealth of ruler- often: arbitrary use of power and violence- ex. Dominican Republic under Trujillo (1930-61)-ideology: none-power monopoly - power concentrated in Trujillo's hands, key posts filled by family members and associates-country = private domain of leader-mobilization - no mobilization; isolation, lack of education, apathy, passive submission = necessary for regime stabilityAuthoritarian Regimes:- leader, or small group, exercises power within ill-defined but predictable limits (lacks arbitrariness of sultanism)- no power monopoly, but limited political pluralism --power is not fully concentrated-dispersed among some political, economic, and social groups with some degree of autonomy-but pluralism is limited, groups not fully unconstrained- no elaborate, guiding ideology, if any = symbolic - no extensive or intensive mobilization-no systematic inclusion of "the masses"- note: significant variation between them- ex. Spain under Franco (1939-75)-ideology: early days, quasi-Fascism-later: no clear ideology or effort to "remake" society-limited pluralism - ex. Catholic church controls education system-ex. Cabinet members have some autonomy-mobilization - weak party; govt. uses party, not vice versa-apathy = desirableMaoism:- builds on Marxism-Leninism, but with significant amendments- backbone of revolution = peasants, not urban workers- blank slates to be instilled with revolutionary consciousness- communism realized not through elites and bureaucrats, but peasants' revolutionary enthusiasm and mass struggle-mobilized into permanent revolutionary movement, present ruling group from turning bourgeois-"class struggle"- lack of sophistication = desirable-workers and intellectuals receive "class education" through agricultural labor- Maoism ideal critical to...-break in early PRC alliance with USSR ("lean to one side")-the "Great Leap Forward" (into communism - rapid acceleration of "the revolution," forced industrialization, mobilization of the masses -the "Cultural Revolution" - targets "impure," "bourgeois" elements (party elites, bureaucrats, intellectuals)- after Mao's death (1976) - departure from Orthodox MaoismDespite End of Maoism:- the basic organizational design of China's political system remains authoritarian- Communist party-state- core assumption: citizens must be led- guiding principles of Communist party-state -guardianship and hierarchy-plus, in case of China, idea of the "mass line"- principles have been modified, but largely still in placeParty-State I: Guardianship:- describes relationship between Communist Party and society- "Vanguard Party" that leads the way toward Communist utopia- basis of legitimacy: acting in the "historical best interests" of the people and translating them into policy that will lead to communism- the "mass line"- today: CCP still the vanguard party, but mass line de-emphasized- basis of legitimacy: delivering the goodsParty-State II: The "Mass Line":- the theory: party leadership not isolated from the mass public- party leaders should maintain close links in ordinary citizens-to educate the masses-help party leaders know needs of masses- policy is supposed to flow "from the masses to the masses"- but mass influence on policy depends on its fit with the goals of the partyParty-State III: Hierarchy:- strict hierarchy between a) levels of organization and b) party members-factionalism = punishable-party discipline = expected and enforced- goal: ensure that party acts as unified force, responsive to top leaders- today: party leads society in politics, but has retreated from regular life in most areas Party-State: Overall:- ideology less prominent and less coherent than in past- same minor reforms to govt. and party- reforms and political changes have not led to fundamental system