POLI SCI 106 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture 1. States vs. Nations2. Challenges to the State3. National Identity4. Nationalism5. Nationalism vs. Patriotism6. National Self-Determination7. Why Do People Accept Authority?8. Legitimacy9. The Political System10. Constitutions11. Constitutions and PowerOutline of Current Lecture - The State and Democracy III1. What is Democracy?2. Key Elements 3. Democratic System4. Recognizing a Democracy5. Ideal Types6. Democracy - A Process7. Democracy - The Outcomes8. Critiques of 3 ModelsCurrent LectureThe State and Democracy IIIWhat is Democracy?- rule by the people or collective self-rule- citizens act indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected officials (Schmitter and Karl)- rulers are held accountable by citizensKey Elements (Dahl) - - elected representatives of the people - free, fair, and frequent elections (leaders responsible for actions)- freedom of expressionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- alternative sources of information- freedom of association- inclusive citizenship-conception of democracy evolves over timeA Democratic System...- allows for free formulation of preferences-through use of basic freedoms (association, information, communication)-for purpose of free competition between leaders whose claim to rule is validated at regular intervals by nonviolent means- without excluding any political office from that competition- without prohibiting any members of the political community from expressing their preferencesHow do we recognize a democracy? - - not always straightforward- democracy = continuum- significant variation within category of "democracy"- meaning has been evolving, both as a concept and in reality-universal suffrage, women and minorities-Germany, 1918-Australia, 1964-US, 1965 ("Voting Rights Act")-Switzerland, 1971- different normative ideas-Trustee democracy - do what they want/know better-Representative democracy - responsiveness to voters-Direct democracy - make decisions yourself, direct vote on everything, referendum-politically active people may have opinions that deviate from the average personIdeal Types - - theoretical tool used in social sciences- derived from observable reality, but they do not conform to it in detail- IT = yardstick for evaluating reality- Max Weber - concept of ideal type-bureaucraciesDemocracy - A Process:- opportunities for mass participation- Trustee democracy = low mass participation- Representative democracy = in the middle somewhere- Direct democracy = high mass participationDemocracy - The Outcomes:- protection of individual rights- Communitarian to literal- emphasis on general welfare- Model 1 - Direct Democracy-Key objective: maximize mass participation-result in decisions that maximize general welfare- Model 2 - Trustee Democracy-Key objective: general welfare-assumption: masses cannot be trusted to achieve this goal-low mass participation = desirable -requires elite capable of pursuing long-term interests of society- Model 3 - Representative Democracy-Key objective: protecting individual rights -in pursuit of this goal, representative democracy is willing to accept lower levels of massparticipationCritiques of 3 Models - - Trustee Democracy - -can self-interested elite really look after general welfare? (DD)-unchecked elites will use power to infringe the rights of individuals (RD)- Representative Democracy - -limited government benefits small privileged groups (DD)-focus on individual rights limits government's ability to pursue general welfare (TD)- Direct Democracy - -masses are too ignorant and incompetent to rule, can even be dangerous (TD)-unchecked majority will violate the rights of minorities (tyranny of the majority?) (RD)Basically...- Trustee democrats believe masses will always be incapable of making decisions benefiting the longer-term common good- RD believe elites and masses will always be prone to undermining individual rights- DD always self-serving- different models have varying ranges of mass participation and protection of basic individual rights- democracy is a continuum- no "right" model - depends on your preferred outcome- ultimately: normative question- within a range of basic elements (consent of the governed, protection of individual rights) democracy means different things to different people- variation of concept and places- important to be aware of the tradeoffs involved in a choice of