POLI SCI 106 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Constitution: The "Basic Law"2. Federalism3. Parliamentary Government4. Bundestag5. Bundesrat6. Electoral Systems: Majority/Plurality Systems7. Proportional Representation8. Types of Party ListsOutline of Current Lecture 1. SMPS: Implications2. List PR: Implications3. Germany: Parliamentary Elections4. MMP Electoral System Example5. MMP Example: Calculating Seat Distribution6. MMP Example: Overhang MandatesCurrent Lecture - Germany IISMPS: Implications -- winning party gets disproportionally high number of seats, it is over-represented- Pros --helps effective government because winning party backed by broad majority in legislature-stable governments-easy to hold accountable- Cons --distorts patterns of representation-minorities excluded-if 2 candidates win 51% and 49%, respectively, 49% of electorate's vote "does not count"List PR: Implications -- parties get number of seats about equivalent to vote share- Pros -These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-more competition and choice-better representation of various interests-more effective and meaningful political participation- Cons - -less efficiency, more consensus required for government to act-less stability, because less pronounced legislative majorities-accountability less clear-cutGermany: Parliamentary Elections -- electoral system = mixed member proportional (MMP)- 50% of legislators elected by plurality in SM districts, 50% elected by PR- list PR seats compensate for any disproportionality- goal: proportionality plus direct link between constituency and representative- electoral threshold: 5% "hurdle"- ballot structure: two votes per voterMMP Electoral System Example -- 100 seat legislature- 50% of legislature elected by plurality in SM districts (50 districts = 50 seats), 50% elected by list PR (=50 seats)- each voter has 2 votes: 1 "district vote" (what candidate do you favor in your district?) and one "party vote" (which party do you favor overall?)- "District vote" (50 districts) - Party A wins 39, Party B wins 11, Party C wins 0- "Party vote" - Party A: 42%, Party B: 33%, Party C: 25%MMP Example: Calculating Seat Distribution -- Step 1: How many seats is each party eligible for? Determined by party vote (A: 42 seats,B: 33, C: 25(- Step 2: Who gets to fill the seats each party is eligible for?1) The candidates who won the districts2) All remaining seats filled from their party list-A: 39 seats filled b candidates who won their district, remaining 3 = 3 from partylist-B: 11 by district candidates, 22 from party list-C: no party C candidate won a district, all 25 seats filled with top 25 candidates in party listMMP Example: Overhang Mandates -- What if Party A had won 43 districts, more victorious district candidates than seats the party is eligible for?- Option 1: 1 winning district candidate does not get a seat-Problem: 1 district ignored, voters excluded- Option 2: "overhang mandate" - increases total number of seats-Party A: gets 45 seats, all filled by district candidates-Party B: same as above (33)-Party C: same as above (25)-total number of seats in legislature would be 101-favors big partiespotentially even higher than 101 because distortion due to overhang mandates must be adjusted - small parties get additional seats as well-Germany used a closed party list