POLI SCI 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 - The State and Democracy 1 (September 4):Comparative Politics - - Politics within countries (except U.S.)1) Institutions - how they work/influence policy2) Public policy - actions of government, interactions of government and peopleStudy...3) Elite behavior4) Mass behavior - regular people5) Attitudes and their effectsKey Concepts - - state, institutions, power, the market ideology, political parties, interest groups- very broad field- conceptual basis1) Scientific method - set of rules and methods to study reality logically andsystematically2) Comparison - learning by comparing 2 or more casesThe State -- state - territorially bound sovereign entity- sovereignty - complete authority, ultimate source of law- territorial integrity - right to resist any regression, invasion, or intervention- despite challenges: sovereignty and territorially defined states = primary units ininternational relationsDefinition: The State - - legal - a territorially bound sovereign entity - structural and functional - government has supreme power to make laws and legal rightto use force to enforce laws-coercion-Max WeberPolity, Politics, and Policy - - polity - political structures -arenas for political activity-governmental systems, political institutions, parties, interest groups,international organizations - politics - political processes-especially decision-making and implementation -electoral campaigns, executive politics, law-creation, referenda, governmentcoalition, negotiations- policy - political outcomes-outcomes of the politics that take place in the polity-laws, taxes, political programs"Requisite Functions" of the State (Gabriel Almond et al.) - - "Input Functions" --socialization-recruitment-communication - information flows through society-interest articulation - individuals and collectives want-interest aggregation - multitudes of different demands become manageable- "Output Functions" - -policy-making - rules/laws-policy implementation - put in place decisions-policy adjudication - interpretation of established rules- Other actors involved --civil society-interest groups-religious organizations-media-social groups-private businesses-international organizationsState-Society Relations - - relationships between state and citizens, social structure- normative question - what should this relationship look like?4 Normative Views of the State - - The Conservative State - -the monopoly on force to maintain social order and protect property rights-preserves traditional values-defend national relationships- The Liberal (Libertarian) State --Free Market = motivating and coordinating element-state = low-profile watchman-ensures basic rights, safety, and freedoms- The Social Democratic State - -constrains the powerful-secures collective good of the society-intervenes on behalf of poor, weak, and disadvantaged- The Marxist State - -traditional state seen as reactionary and repressive tool-to be overthrown, replaced by more benign Marxist state-objective: policies that serve goal of social, political, and economic equality-eventually Marxist state will "wither away"State today = natural organizing principle...1) Has not always been this way2) Not the only way to structure social and political relationsThe "Inevitable" State? - - until 17th century -no territorial states-localized power-use of force shared: monarch, nobles, Catholic church- economic activity necessitates centralization of power- large-scale political structures became necessary- Charles Tilly - "How War Made States" - -constant warfare requires large standing armies-armies require money-money requires efficient taxation-efficient taxation requires public administration -the modern state is bornLecture 2 - The State and Democracy II (September 9)" States vs. Nations - - Nation (social, cultural concept) - group of people who feel strong affinity for each other-common aspirations, especially self-government, sovereignty- Nation-state - area with...-territorial boundaries of single state-citizenry who share primary national identity-very few exist, many are multicultural- Ethnolinguistic-Fractionalization-2 people randomly meet, different linguistic background-greater probability of this happening suggests diversity-ranges from a score of 0 to 1 usually-closer to 0 means more homogeneous country- Contradiction between state and nation can cause violence- Separation into Pakistan and India caused much bloodshed-two states are still in conflict with each other-intrastate conflict over region they both claim as their own- Political violence between Hindus and Muslims in IndiaChallenges to the State - - Ethnic, religious, regional conflict-Ex. Belgian conflict, nonviolent- Increasing heterogeneity of societies - Globalization- Regional integration/supranational governanceNational Identity - - referendum of Scotland seceding from the UK- despite challenges: modern state = resilient, stable- important pillar: national identity-based on concept of nation-usually derived from ethnic identity-attributes that make a group culturally distinct-based on customs, language, religion, etc.-not inherently political-national identity = inherently political -basis for nationalismNationalism - - the "nation" is an important part of one's identity- nation = worthy of pride and personal sacrifice- powerful commitment to advancement of one's nation's interests and welfare- movement of collective protest and self-assertion- aimed at existing distribution of power within and between states- often paired with disregards for concerns of outsiders- one of the most powerful social and political forces- patriotism is more pride rather than superiority over others (nationalism)Nationalism vs. Patriotism - - Nationalism - devotion to the interest or culture of one's nation; can be about chauvinistic arrogance and desire for dominance- Patriotism - about ethics, law, devotion to the common good-pride in one's country-not superiorityNational Self-Determination - - Principle that nation-state is the only legitimate form of political organization- Nations have right to their own independent nation-state- Nation-state has the right to include the whole nation- In conflict with territorial integrity?- Principle = universally