POLI SCI 106 1ST Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Three Types of Non-Democratic Regimes2. Totalitarian Regimes3. Sultanistic Regimes4. Authoritarian Regimes5. Maoism6. Despite End of Maoism7. Party-State 1: Guardianship8. Party-State II: The "Mass Line"Outline of Current Lecture 1. Formal State Institutions2. Legislature3. Executive4. Communist Party 5. Party Structure6. Party-State Relations7. Party-State Relations - Informal Politics8. Challenges and Reforms9. Challenges and Reforms - Accountability Mechanisms10. Challenges and Reforms - Successions11. Challenges and Reforms - Building a Legal System12. Challenges and Reforms - Reforming the EconomyCurrent Lecture - China IIFormal State Institutions:- Formally a parliamentary system-unicameral legislature-fused executive and legislative-unitary state-largely ceremonial president-judiciary with no power of judicial review- But operates differently in practice-party leaders and organizations matter most-not highly institutionalizedLegislature:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- National People's Congress (NPC)-formally most powerful organ - passes laws, elects and supervises government-2,987 members indirectly elected by provincial congresses for 5 years, >2/3 CPC-meets 2 weeks per year-Standing Committee: 175 members, modifies legislation, interprets law-But: power constrained by party- Largely a "rubber stamp," but some recent assertivenessExecutive:- State Council (Government)-35 full members, responsible to NPC-Premier: Li Keqiang (in power since 2012)-members appointed by premier and then confirmed by NPC-Standing Committee: 10 "generalists," drafts legislation-25 ministry heads- President: Xi Jinping- Formally quite weak-elected by NPC-appoints Premier and State Council, but with NPC approval-no formal veto- In practice dominates stateCommunist Party:- Controls all state functions- Leninist, vanguard party- 87 million members- Fill most important state and non-state positions- General Secretary: Xi Jinping-President of PRC, head of militaryParty Structure:- Formal power: proportional to size- Actual power: inversely proportional to size- National Party Congress (2,270 members) --different than National People's Congress-meets once every 5 years, elects top party leaders, approves major policy goals- Central Committee (204 full members) --hold posts in central and provincial governments-main policymakers, but often not in capital- Top leadership- Politburo (25 members) --elected by Central Committee, but candidates approved by sitting Politburo prior to election-also top state leaders, often in State Council-all have important party positions- Politburo Standing Committee: Top 7 leaders, including General SecretaryParty-State Relations:- Party strictly moderates representation and participation- Party leads policy-making- leaders have high-level state and party posts-authority stems from both positions, but party position predominates- major state or social organizations have party representatives in them, chosen by party nomenklatura- party can discipline members in place of state-ex. corruption cases- party in effect leads state with few legal constraintsParty-State Relations - Informal Politics:- Informal politics: non-codified political institutions and behaviors- Party factionalism-officially forbidden, but exists in practice-patronage networks based on personal ties: university, region, workplace, Communist Youth League, "Princelings"-also policy-based: reformers vs. hardliners- "Matrix Muddle" - complicated matrix made of lines of authority and accountability-officials have multiple bosses: in both state and party-duplicate bureaucratic positions (state and party)-division of labor, separation of power, who has final say all unclear- Leadership Small Groups and "Xitongs" ("Systems")-informal leader groups and bureaucracies that cross official party and state bureaucraticlines- Information political actors-secretaries - assistants to top leaders-elders - former top leadersChallenges and Reforms:- Most political reforms are examples of institutionalization-make politics and governing predictable, regular, transparent, less subject to individual caprice-many forms: new social norms, conventions and procedures, formal laws and regulations, organizations that enforce-a process, but incomplete-informal politics will always be a part of every political system- Institutionalization does not mean democratization-making government more regular, follow procedures and rules-regime wants to institutionalize, not willing to democratize-not willing to democratize-1989 Tiananmen protests demanded some degree of democratization-unlike Soviet Bloc, China chose force to end the protests- Now is a relatively stable non-democracyChallenges and Reforms - Accountability Mechanisms:- Accountability upwards-formal: Cadre Evaluation System-leaders given performance targets on economics, family planning, social stability, etc.-career advancement and bonuses for success, demotion for failure-informal: factional ties, patron-client relationships-lower level officials support their leaders above- Accountability downwards-Formal (all new in last 30 years):-local elections-Office of Letters and Visits - complaint office-Open Government Initiative - making law-making and policy process more transparent; people can make suggestions-administrative litigation-Informal:-personal ties with leaders, including bribery-ultimately, threat of social disturbanceChallenges and Reforms - Successions:- Who is the top leader?-Before: "Paramount Leader" (Mao, later Den Xiaoping)-Now: CPC General Secretary, Premier 2nd in charge- How are they replaced?-Before: leader died or purged, rarely retired-Now: norm of two 5-year terms for top leaders-Politburo and Standing Committee chosen largely by consensus by current Politburo and EldersChallenges and Reforms - Building a Legal System:- lawmaking and regulation before:-"laws" are bourgeois tools to control masses-rules should come from the people, who understand right and wrong-hence few codified laws-rules did not apply equally, subject to interpretation- lawmaking and regulation now:-explosion of law and regulations, growing legal profession-laws protecting rights, especially property rights and contracts-fewer for civil and political rights-laws more technical and