POLI SCI 106 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Parties in Transitional Democracies2. Parties and Party System3. Main Parties in Sejm4. Democratization and Democratic Consolidation5. What Triggers Democratization?6. Challenges to Democratization and Democratic ConsolidationOutline of Current Lecture 1. Theories of Democratic Consolidation2. Actor-Based Theories3. "Shock-Therapy" Model4. Institutional Theories5. Example: Central and Eastern Europe6. Structural Theories7. Transition in Central -Eastern Europe8. Road to Membership I9. Accession Criteria I10. Accession Criteria II11. Accession Criteria to "Conditionality"12. Road to Membership IICurrent Lecture - Poland IIITheories of Democratic Consolidation:1) Actor-based theories2) Emphasis on successful economic transition- ex. "shock therapy"3) Emphasis on successful political transition- ex. institutional theories4) Emphasis on interplay between economic and political transitions- ex. structural theoriesActor-Based Theories:- focus on political elites- democratization = contingent on actions of elites and key individuals- change = result of elite actionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- "structure" (ex. institutions, the economy, state-society relations, political culture) of secondary importance"Shock-Therapy" Model:- name based on Poland's stabilization and liberalization program (Jan. 1, 1990)- Czechoslovakia (1991), Bulgaria (1993), Russia (1992), Albania (1992)...- rapid implementations of reforms to establish free market economy, esp. --sudden release of price and currency controls-privatization-withdrawal of state subsidies-trade liberalization- foremost proponent: Jeffrey Sachs (Columbia University)- attractive to transition govt. because of its simplicity- "get prices right" and everything will fall into place- antithesis to gradualist approaches, which emphasize...-transition takes time-firms must be formed and built up; human capital must adjust; property rights must be implemented-no established, stable framework of law, regulation- Evaluation - -same maintain: record = negative-ex. high unemployment rates, increased crime, increased inequality-others argue: effects = positive-third position: theory = inadequately applied, hence the problem we seeInstitutional Theories:- democratization and consolidation depends on establishment of functioning and legitimate institutions- especially important: "institutionalizing competitive politics"- "legacies of the past" = important constraints, but they not key determinants of transition process- one key difficulty (among others): lack of consolidated party system can undermine "competitive politics"- fragmented party system: many parties to choose from- lack of stability: great deal of flux- lack of identifiability and accountability-what do parties stand for?-who to hold responsible for failures and reward for success?Example: Central and Eastern Europe:- who wins elections when economy is in a slump?- in consolidated democracies --people vote against the incumbent govt. partiers-winner: opposition parties- in transitional democracies:-people vote against "the transition"-winners: "old regime" parties (ex. ex-Communists CEE) and nationalist/ethnic parties-losers: liberal-democratic and reformist partiesStructural Theories:- emphasis on "legacies of the past," ex.-economic backwardness-planned economies-unfinished nation-building-culture of intolerance-weak state, seen as illegitimate-weak civil society- democratization means: economic development (especially emphasized in Lipset's "modernization approach")- economic reform must take place such that maintains support for political reform- must be politically sensitive and socially aware- citizens must feel that economic reform is working- privatization may include shares for employees and citizens and anti-corruption- democratization also means - facilitating "civil society"- public sphere of civic and political participation and interaction outside of government- aiding conciliation- creating supportive political cultureTransition in Central-Eastern Europe:- important element in democratic transition and consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)- prospect of EU membership = huge incentive to implement political and economic reforms- 1996: 70% of Poland's trade with EU member states, esp. Germany- 1st year after accession: 30% exports growth total, 27% to EU countries- access to market of almost 500 million consumers- membership means having say in EU decision-makingRoad to Membership I:- EU accession symbolizes CEE's "return to the West"- 1991: Association Agreement between EU and Poland- EU membership = ultimate goal- sets out the legal grounds for and initiates the process of accession- 1993: EU heads of state and government announce...-"The associate member states from CEE, if they wish, will become members... if they are ready (will follow all the given conditions)..."Accession Criteria I:- "Coperhagen Criteria"- Political - existence of institutions guaranteeing democracy, rule of law, humans rights, protection of minorities- Economic - functioning market economy and capacity to cope with competitiveness Accession Criteria II:- implementation of the Acquis Communautaire-entire body of EU laws and regulations - laws passed at EU level, binding- national law must be adjusted if in conflict with European law- must pass all prior European laws for admission - more than 100,000 pages- 35 substantive chapters, ex. --Ch. 1: free movement of goods-Ch. 2: freedom of movement of workers-Ch. 8: competition policy-Ch. 11: agriculture and rural development-Ch. 15: energy-Ch. 16 taxationAccession Criteria to "Conditionality":- conditionality strengthened moderate, reform-oriented forces vis-a-vis post-Communist and nationalist parties- reformers, when in govt. put countries on "right path"- "lock-in effect" creates "visions" and domestic opposition- political agenda in candidate countryRoad to Membership II:- 1997: Poland agreement to start accession- 1998: Negotiations commence- 2002: Negotiations close- 2003: Accession treaties signed- May 1, 2004: Poland becomes member