POLI SCI 106 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Socialism vs. Communism vs. Social-Democracy2. Post-Soviet: Difficult Reforms3. President4. Classifying Types of Democracy5. What Distinguishes Them?6. Example of Mixed Democracy: Semi-Presidential System7. From Putin to Medvedev8. From Medvedev to PutinOutline of Current Lecture 1. Cabinet2. Legislature3. Duma4. Federation Council5. Executive-Legislative Relations6. Judiciary7. Russia: Economic Transition8. Political Economy9. Soviet Economic System10. Three Types of Political Economy11. Key Elements of State InterventionCurrent Lecture - Russia IICabinet:- senior leaders in executive branch, headed by PM- formulates and oversees national policy- does not reflect party make-up of parliament - composed of career administrators, not party politiciansLegislature - -Federal Assembly of Russia-lower house: state Duma-upper house: Federation Council-president can sign or veto legislation-Duma and FD can override veto with a 2/3 voteThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Duma - -450 members, 5 year terms-PR elections (since 2007) with a 7% threshold, used to be MMP-more important powers are legislative powers and confirms president's nominee for PM-United Russia (pro-Putin) holds absolute majority: 238 seatsFederal Council - -170 members, 2 from each federal region-senators chosen by territorial authorities-one by provincial legislature, one nominated by governor and confirmed by legislature -can be recalled at any time-powers - cannot propose legislature; can only pass or veto legislation; if veto, conciliation committee-decisions can be overriden by a 2/3 vote in the DumaExecutive-Legislative Relations - -relations used to be stormy under Yeltsin-Duma was dominated by communist and other leftist parties-1999: Duma with pro-govt. (pro-Putin) majority-as president, Putin must not expend much effort bargaining with Duma-can rely on solid 238 seat majority of United Russia to governJudiciary - -constitutional court-19 members-appointed by president and confirmed by FC-non-renewable 12 year term-purpose: Judicial review-court avoids disagreeing with executive (=Putin)Russia: Economic Transition-- collapse of Soviet system = sea change- reduces traditionally strong role of state- opening up of Russia economy to outside- market reform after 1991- dramatic decline in econ. performance- 1991-1998: unprecedented economic depression- hardship for majority of population- govt. struggles to regulate market forces- after 1999: some reliefPolitical Economy - - combination/intersection of politics and economics - politics to economy - political decisions impact the economy; the econ. order depends on stable political system to operate- economy to politics - actions of econ. actors and performance of the econ. system have major impact on politics; political order depends on the econ. system to generate income, goods, and servicesSoviet Economic System - - land, factories, and all important econ. assets owned by the satte- low productivity and efficiency, little motivation- prices controlled by the state- shortage of consumer goods- no link to international economy - upsides: rapid industrialization, provision of social welfare, mass education, low levels of inequality, advances in key industries (military, space)Three Types of Political Economy - - soviet econ. system = command economy- other extreme = Laissez-faire market economy- modern liberal democracies: "mixed" market economies (=compromise between the two)- distinction along 5 dimensions1) Who controls the factors of production (land, labor, capital)?-Laissez-Faire market economy - private actor controls their own factors; state excluded-command economy - the state-mixed market economy - private actors and the state each control some factors2) Who determines what goods are produced?-L.F. - private actors make decisions-command - the state devises a detailed econ. plan specifying production of each good-MME - mostly private actors, but the state regulates some actions3) Who determines the value of different resources and goods?-L.F. - the market sets the value based on the equilibrium of supply and demand (the "invisible hand")-command - state sets the value in all exchanges-MME - market sets value; state may regulate some prices4) Who decides how factors and goods will be distributed?-L.F. - distribution based on actions of consumers and producers; no state interference-command - the state's econ. plan specifies who will receive what amounts of which goods-MME - mainly the market; state may intervene to ensure that some actors have access to particular goods5) What is the role of the state?-L.F. - state's role is minimal: enforces basic "social contract" to protect all from violence or law breakers-command - state = dominant, controls virtually all aspects-MME - state seeks to strike a balance between competition and state control, private profit and sharing of societal resourcesKey Elements of State Intervention - - Extraction - -extraction of resources (money, goods, persons, services) from domestic and intern. environments-one key element: taxes-paying for govt. services and redistribution-econ. policy tool - encourage people to spend/save money; encourage spending on some goods over others- Distribution - -of money, goods, and services-very econ. policy tool-possible objectives: efficiency, equality, both -not just monetary, also in forms of goods, services, opportunities- Regulation - -of the market to achieve certain goals-for businesses: property rights; contractual obligations; response to violations; subsidies; controlling market access-for employees: protection against exploitation, discrimination; safety standards/workingstandards; wage bargaining-for consumers: protection against fraud, manipulations, "extremalities" (toxic waste, environmental