POLI SCI 106 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Executive2. Executive Cabinet3. Federal President4. Judicial System5. Separation and Dispersion of Power6. Party System7. To Win An Election8. "Duverger's Law"9. Number of Parties in GermanyOutline of Current Lecture 1. Socialism vs. Communism vs. Social-Democracy2. Post-Soviet: Difficult Reforms3. President4. Classifying Types of Democracy5. What Distinguishes Them?6. Example of Mixed Democracy: Semi-Presidential System7. From Putin to Medvedev8. From Medvedev to PutinCurrent Lecture - Russia ISocialism vs. Communism vs. Social-Democracy:- Socialism --premise: capitalism places excessive power in hands of few private entrepreneurs; abolish free market system-driven by greed, this elite exploits working class- Communism - -communists seek socialist ideals through violent means-Based on ideas of Karl Marx (1818-83)-socialism does not require any government at all, state "withers away"-Soviet-style communism: all-powerful CP rules on behalf of workers-historically: Soviet-style regimes = oppressive and dictatorial; power concentrated in hands of small party elites- Social Democracy - These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-emphasis: collective welfare of society-favors personal freedoms and private enterprise-Goals: minimum level of economic welfare for all and to improve general welfare-broad role for government-market regulation to provide education, healthcare, employment insurance, pensions, etc.Post-Soviet Russia: Difficult Reforms:- transition = both economic and political- economic reforms - "marketization"- free market economy- political reforms - democratization- strong presidency and weak Duma (parliament)- Yeltsin = elected first president of independent RussiaPresident:- president of Russia: Vladimir Putin- head of state- commander-in-chief- directly elected for 6 year term (before 2008: 4 years)- limit: 2 consecutive terms, but no lifetime limit- sets broad policy agenda- under Putin: presidency exceptionally strong- prime minister is Dmitry Medvedev- have both a president and PM (mixed democracy, although Russia isn't technically a democracy)Classifying Types of Democracy:- Is government responsible to legislature?-government voted into and can be voted out of office by legislature (vote of no confidence)-if not: presidential-if yes...- Is there an independently (directly or indirectly) elected president?-if not: parliamentary-if yes...- Is the government responsible to the president?-if not: parliamentary-if yes: mixed democracyWhat Distinguishes Them?- presidential democracy - government does not depend on legislative majority- parliamentary democracy - government depends on legislative majority- mixed democracy - government depends on legislative majority and on independently elected presidentExample of Mixed Democracy: Semi-Presidential Systems:- "dual-executive" - both PM and president take active part in governing-executive and legislature neither fused nor independent of each other-parliament can force government (not president) to resign-president can dissolve parliament or dismiss the government and individual ministers- Sources of presidential power - -constitutional-direct election - popular democratic mandate-plus: strength and cohesion of president's party in legislature-separate direct elections for parliament and president-possible for majority party in parliament to be different from president's party- 2 patterns of executive party - -presidential dominance: president's party is part of legislative majority (coalition)-cohabitation - president's party part of legislative minority (not simply divided government)- Presidential dominance - -president can pick politically compatible PM -president dominates executive government-PM serves at president's pleasure- Cohabitation - -PM = effective head of government-president = checks PM's power, rather than dominates PM- when "presidential dominance": much like traditional presidential system- when "cohabitation": much like parliamentary system with president as figure head- although president still more powerful than in pure parliamentary systemsFrom Putin to Medvedev:- March 2000: Putin elected president- March 2008: end of Putin's 2nd term- in preceding months: speculation about if and how Putin might hold on to power- Options - -ignore constitution (unlikely)-change constitution (would have been possible)-select "placeholder" president-what actually happened: Putin selects Medvedev as president; makes himself PM-Litmus test for democracy: possible to remove an incumbent president by popular majority vote?From Medvedev to Putin:- Sept. 24, 2011: announced that Putin will be candidate in March 2012 elections - Medvedev will be candidate for PM in Dec. 2011 parliamentary elections- both won easily, allegations of electoral fraud - likely not decisive in presidential election, but possible decisive in parliamentary